液氯泄漏事件的环境安全防护距离与监测布点方法

以大气湍流扩散模型为基础,结合大气环境基本资料和氯气的性质,提出了氯气泄漏突发事件的应急防护范围,为发生类似事件时的人群撤离范围和布点监测、监控范围,提出了一种思路,供大家参考.     

北方常见绿化树种BVOCs排放特征及其与光合作用参数的相关性

为了解北方常见绿化树种植物源挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)的排放特征及其与光合作用参数(净光合速率P_n、气孔导度g_s、胞间CO₂浓度c_i、蒸腾速率T_r)的相关性,本实验采用动态采样装置收集14种落叶乔木BVOCs排放数据.结果表明,不同科属间异戊二烯和总BVOCs(异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯之和)释放速率差异显著(P<0.01).除金银木和榆树,其他绿化树种均释放异戊二烯、单萜和倍半萜烯类物质,其中杨柳科(杂交杨‘546’、速生杨‘107’、小叶杨、垂柳)和豆科植物(国槐、刺槐、龙爪槐)排放异戊二烯较多,释放速率在(30.1±4.3)～(91.8±10.0)μg·(g·h)^-1之间;木犀科(白蜡、丁香)、蔷薇科海棠、无患子科栾树和槭树科元宝枫主要排放单萜和倍半萜烯,其中白蜡和元宝枫单萜释放速率最高,分别为(10.6±4.8)μg·(g·h)^-1和(11.8±6...     

江苏响水爆炸事件环境应急监测工作几点思考

2019年3月21日,盐城市响水县陈家港化工园区的江苏天嘉宜化工有限公司发生爆炸事故,江苏省环境监测力量于事故发生后第一时间奔赴现场开展应急监测.通过收集和整理事故发生后环境应急监测工作的详细开展过程、事故现场污染物浓度变化数据,评估了事故应急处置期间污染物对周边环境的影响情况;通过对应急监测的工作措施进行简要分析,总...     

Risk analysis in Natech events: State of the art

Natech events (Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disasters) are industrial accidents caused by natural events such as hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, and so on. In recent decades, the probability of these events occurring has increased, activating the interest of researchers in the study of new methods of risk analysis to prevent and mitigate possible damage to people, the environment, and processing facilities. On the other hand, the concept of multi-hazard is summarized in the combination of two or more threat factors manifested in isolated, simultaneous manner, or by chain reaction, to produce a trigger event of a disaster, where hazardous events can be one or more natural events. Considering that, it is essential to know the progress in risk analysis for Natech events, to identify the gaps for future research. Therefore, in this paper, a systematic review of the Natech events literature with single and multi-hazard approaches was developed. The review was conducted by searching the Science Direct, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for scientific documents. Subsequently, the words Natech and Multi-hazard were taken as keywords, and 208 results were obtained. Then, some management documents were consulted in international organizations to compare academic literature and industrial risk management. In conclusion, the risk analysis methods revised are specific to a particular hazard and apply mainly to earthquakes, floods, and lightning. Regarding a multi-hazard approach, the methods focus on risk mitigation in urban areas without taking into account Natech risk. In the case of industrial risk assessment, some methodologies were found that briefly consider Natech risk in risk assessment processes in industry.     

A Noisy-OR gate based fuzzy fault tree approach for micro-leakage evaluation of bolt-gasket-flange connection (BGFC)

In the natural gas gathering and transportation station, bolt-gasket-flange connection (BGFC) is the main connection mode, but due to its large number, the micro-leakage may result in serious consequences. For this reason, early BGFC micro-leakage evaluation can effectively assist decision-making and prevent the occurrence of accidents. To solve the problem of insufficient field data collection, we proposed a Noisy-OR gate based fuzzy fault tree approach, and calculated the corresponding minimum cut sets and the highest risk factors. Moreover, sensitivity analysis (SA) was used to determine that material problems (wear and corrosion of the sealing surface), man-made operation problems (bolts and flanges) and working conditions (pipe vibration and temperature fluctuations) are the key factors that contributing to the BGFC micro-leakage. In brief, the combination of the fuzzy fault tree analysis and Noisy-OR gate is an effective approach for BGFC micro-leakage evaluation, which is of great significance to the micro-leakage analysis, safe operation, and risk assessment of the gas station.     

Lessons learnt from a crisis event: How to foster a sound safety culture

Recent events in the nuclear industry have blamed a declining safety culture both on the utility and regulatory side as the major responsible. Confidence in the nuclear industry can be dramatically affected by such events. In this context, the present paper analyses a recent crisis event that involved a research reactor. It shows the time history of the event and how its escalation brought to a temporary shut down of the reactor. In-depth analysis of the event pointed out safety culture deficiencies within the organization. The paper presents the key elements in the ensuing organizational change process and describes the different phases (short and long term approaches), players and measures involved in the process that the organisation set up to address deficiencies and improve safety culture. The case represents an interesting example from which important lessons can be learnt. In particular, staff motivation in terms of involvement in improvement activities is considered central in managing safety.     

A condition metric for Eucalyptus woodland derived from expert evaluations

The evaluation of ecosystem quality is important for land‐management and land‐use planning. Evaluation is unavoidably subjective, and robust metrics must be based on consensus and the structured use of observations. We devised a transparent and repeatable process for building and testing ecosystem metrics based on expert data. We gathered quantitative evaluation data on the quality of hypothetical grassy woodland sites from experts. We used these data to train a model (an ensemble of 30 bagged regression trees) capable of predicting the perceived quality of similar hypothetical woodlands based on a set of 13 site variables as inputs (e.g., cover of shrubs, richness of native forbs). These variables can be measured at any site and the model implemented in a spreadsheet as a metric of woodland quality. We also investigated the number of experts required to produce an opinion data set sufficient for the construction of a metric. The model produced evaluations similar to those provided by experts, as shown by assessing the model's quality scores of expert‐evaluated test sites not used to train the model. We applied the metric to 13 woodland conservation reserves and asked managers of these sites to independently evaluate their quality. To assess metric performance, we compared the model's evaluation of site quality with the managers’ evaluations through multidimensional scaling. The metric performed relatively well, plotting close to the center of the space defined by the evaluators. Given the method provides data‐driven consensus and repeatability, which no single human evaluator can provide, we suggest it is a valuable tool for evaluating ecosystem quality in real‐world contexts. We believe our approach is applicable to any ecosystem.     

人-机-环境系统工程在井下运输安全中的应用

运用人-机-环境系统工程理论,对煤矿井下运输系统中的人、机、环境三大要素及其对运输事故的影响进行分析,尤其是对人为失误的原因及其控制,人的模糊可靠性,运输事故与人的因素的关系,事件树分析,事故树分析,灰色关联分析,模糊聚类分析以及灰色综合评判等进行了深入的研究,提出了相应的控制措施。     

电捕焦油器的故障树分析

建立了以电捕焦油器火灾爆炸为顶上事件的故障树,分析了引发该事件的主要原因,并提出了相应的防范措施和改进措施。     

FMEA在乙烯罐区风险分析中的应用研究

详细介绍国际上先进的风险管理方法故障类型和影响分析(FMEA)的评价理论和分析方法。为了能够在系统使用阶段进行故障类型和影响分析(FMEA),并缩减其工作量,对故障源分析过程进行改进,并对乙烯罐区进行FMEA风险评价。对乙烯罐区安全操作中的各种不期望发生事件,潜在的故障类型、故障因素、后果严重度、发生概率及风险等级进行逐个分析,并根据评价结果制定相应的风险削减措施。研究表明,FMEA不仅能保证系统运行过程的可靠性,而且通过研究导致不期望发生事件(事故)的故障源(故障类型),从源头消除故障隐患。