事故树分析法研究反应堆退役中的放射性危害

反应堆退役的安全性是退役活动的关键。退役中产生的放射性危害,不仅能直接对公众造成伤害,更可能对环境造成长久危害。采用事故树分析法对反应堆退役过程中的放射性危害进行研究探讨,并结合实际退役案例,对事故与导致事故发生原因之间的逻辑关系进行分析。结果表明：引起放射性事故发生的原因较多,既有内照射危害又有外照射危害。在分析基础上,提出了预防及治理措施,从而推进反应堆退役工作的顺利进行,保障人、物及环境的安全。     

Involving local farmers in rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests: some lessons from Ghana

The role of community-based plantation development in forest rehabilitation and poverty alleviation is a pressing issue for the government of Ghana. In this paper, we present an analysis of the prospects of a community-based plantation using taungya systems and indigenous trees as means to forest rehabilitation and livelihood improvement in Ghana. The project management strategies, communication process and incentive mechanism and their impact on local participation are discussed with the aim to recommending a mechanism through which local farmers can best be involved in rehabilitation of degraded sites in the future in Ghana. Data were collected through a survey using personal interviews of 431 farming households and ten key informants from ten communities living in scattered hamlets in and around forests reserves. The results show a high rate of local participation in project tree planting activities. Four years after the project’s initiation, about 250 ha of plantations had been established using twelve priority indigenous and one exotic species and farmers had indicated improvement in their farming practices and availability of food and forest products. Restoring forest quality as a timber resource and associated values, getting money, food stuff and timber and non-timber for domestic use, and having access to fertile land for farming were the top three issues prioritised by respondents as motivational factors for engaging in the project activities. Overall, this project demonstrates that reversing tropical forest degradation is possible. For this we need local involvement in tree domestication combined with activities that addresses livelihood needs and environmental concerns. This case also demonstrates the prospects of utilising indigenous tree species, not only exotic species that dominated tree planting in the past, for plantations and landscape rehabilitation in Ghana. Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

南方水土流失区开发治理的思路——日本漆树引种

水土流失区采用综合防治措施取得了水土保持的良好综合效益，在市场经济条件下，在综合效益中，社会效益和生态效益比较，人们更重视经济效益。兴办经济实体，对水土流失区进行开发型治理，已成为人们的普遍要求。开发型治理模式是传统综合模式的提高，它要求有足够的基础投入；要有高素质的管理人才和技术，要选准开发对象，变水土保持重声势重规模为重管理重效益，因而其三大效益将有显著提高。宁都县漆树开发引种初露成效。     

Effects of Buffer-Strip Retention and Clearcutting on Land Snails in Boreal Riparian Forests

Abstract:  We investigated the short-term effects of forest clearcutting on land snails (terrestrial gastropods) in 15 forest stands along small streams in Sweden. Two different silvicultural treatments were applied at each site: clearcutting across the stream channel and buffer strips 10 m wide on each side of the stream. Additionally, we studied 10 reference sites in unlogged riparian forests along similar-sized streams. All sites were studied before logging and then 2.5 years after logging. After clearcutting the number of individuals in a 0.5-m² sample from each site decreased on average from 107 to 87, and the mean number of species per sample decreased from 9.9 to 7.7. Most species were negatively affected, but there were also clear differences in sensitivity. There were correlations between species survival and ground moisture. At the wettest clearcut sites with an almost intact bryophyte cover, the land snails were unaffected by clearcutting. This result suggests that wet or moist forest floors can serve as refugia even at very small spatial scales (e.g., shallow hollows, crevices). If this is an important mechanism, the spatial distribution of small habitats could be important for the long-term survival of the snail fauna or other small, dispersal-limited organisms at clearcut sites. In the buffer strips, the number of individuals decreased but not the number of species, indicating that buffer-strip retention is a good practice for protecting land snails in riparian forests. The varying effectiveness of the buffer strip could partly be explained by the proportion of the remaining basal area, emphasizing that buffer strips could be even more effective if efforts are made to avoid heavy damage by windthrows.     

Conservation of Epiphyte Diversity in an Andean Landscape Transformed by Human Land Use

Abstract: Epiphytes are diverse and important elements of tropical forests, but as canopy‐dwelling organisms, they are highly vulnerable to deforestation. To assess the effect of deforestation on epiphyte diversity and the potential for epiphyte conservation in anthropogenically transformed habitats, we surveyed the epiphytic vegetation of an Ecuadorian cloud forest reserve and its surroundings. Our study was located on the western slopes of the Andes, a global center of biodiversity. We sampled vascular epiphytes of 110 study plots in a continuous primary forest; 14 primary forest fragments; isolated remnant trees in young, middle‐aged, and old pastures; and young and old secondary forests. It is the first study to include all relevant types of habitat transformation at a single study site and to compare epiphyte diversity at different temporal stages of fragmentation. Epiphyte diversity was highest in continuous primary forest, followed by forest fragments and isolated remnant trees, and lowest in young secondary forests. Spatial parameters of habitat transformation, such as fragment area, distance to the continuous primary forest, or distance to the forest edge from inside the forest, had no significant effect on epiphyte diversity. Hence, the influence of dispersal limitations appeared to be negligible or appeared to operate only over very short distances, whereas microclimatic edge effects acted only in the case of completely isolated trees, but not in larger forest fragments. Epiphyte diversity increased considerably with age of secondary forests, but species assemblages on isolated remnant trees were impoverished distinctly with time since isolation. Thus, isolated trees may serve for recolonization of secondary forests, but only for a relatively short time. We therefore suggest that the conservation of even small patches of primary forest within agricultural landscape matrices is essential for the long‐term maintenance of the high epiphyte diversity in tropical cloud forests.     

基于 MIMAH 的工业事故场景辨识

介绍了事故场景概念,并根据欧盟ARAMIS项目框架下提出的MIMAH（辨识重要事故危险方法）,即从危险设备的角度来辨识与设备相关的关键事件,并利用事故树（ FTA ）、事件树（ ETA）,建立一个以关键事件为中心的蝴蝶结结构图来描述事故场景。通过运用这种方法,能够对事故场景的辨识更加具有系统性、针对性。最后,以液氨储罐装置作为示例进行说明。     

皆伐作业对林地土壤因子的影响

对福建省永安市元沙林业采育场杉阔混交人工林林地皆伐作业前后土壤理化性质变化进行试验研究.结果表明,皆伐作业使林地土壤许多理化性质发生改变.皆伐导致土壤容重增大0.13 g·cm-3,土壤结构体破坏率提高12.50%,最大持水量下降6.65%,总孔隙度减小3.88%; 同时土壤主要化学性质,如有机质、全N、水解性N、全P、速效P、全K、速效K等普遍降低,它们的含量分别下降8.14 g·kg-1、0.18 g·kg-1、7.20 mg·kg-1、0.38 g·kg-1、39.98 mg·kg-1、6.95 g·kg-1和12.31 mg·kg-1; 此外,对皆伐作业造成土壤理化性质变化的原因进行了分析,并从森林生态采运角度出发,提出减少皆伐作业对林地土壤破坏的技术措施.     

南京和北京城市天然源挥发性有机物排放差异

以南京市和北京市优势树种为研究对象,利用森林资源清查数据、小时气象观测资料和G95光温模型算法对中国南北典型城市南京和北京地区2015年森林天然源挥发性有机化合物(BVOCs)排放总量进行估算.研究发现,南京市总BVOCs排放主要来自湿地松、栎树类和杨树,北京市主要优势树种BVOCs排放量最高的是栎树类、杨树和油松.从...