Characterization of Escherichia Coli Isolates from Different Fecal Sources by Means of Classification Tree Analysis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (Fame) Profiles

Microbial source tracking (MST) methods need to be rapid, inexpensive and accurate. Unfortunately, many MST methods provide a wealth of information that is difficult to interpret by the regulators who use this information to make decisions. This paper describes the use of classification tree analysis to interpret the results of a MST method based on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles of Escherichia coli isolates, and to present results in a format readily interpretable by water quality managers. Raw sewage E. coli isolates and animal E. coli isolates from cow, dog, gull, and horse were isolated and their FAME profiles collected. Correct classification rates determined with leaveone-out cross-validation resulted in an overall low correct classification rate of 61%. A higher overall correct classification rate of 85% was obtained when the animal isolates were pooled together and compared to the raw sewage isolates. Bootstrap aggregation or adaptive resampling and combining of the FAME profile data increased correct classification rates substantially. Other MST methods may be better suited to differentiate between different fecal sources but classification tree analysis has enabled us to distinguish raw sewage from animal E. coli isolates, which previously had not been possible with other multivariate methods such as principal component analysis and cluster analysis.     

某钢厂工业输水管路系统可靠性分析

用事件树分析法对工业输水管道进行了系统可靠性分析和定量计算,得出了不同维修策略模型下系统的概率,有效地估计了维修策略对系统的影响,给出了提高管道系统安全性的建议.     

氯碱生产中氢气火灾爆炸事故树分析

氢气火灾爆炸事故是氯碱生产中最常见的事故之一.在对焦作化电集团实际调研的基础上,采用系统安全分析方法中的事故树分析方法对氢气火灾爆炸事故进行了定性、定量分析.给出了氢气火灾爆炸事故树图,事故树的最小割集、最小径集以及3种重要度.最后基于事故树分析提出了预防事故发生的安全防范措施.     

建筑安全事故中的事件重要性定量分析

为制定建筑安全措施提供理论依据,采用Birnbaum测度描述诱发事故的事件重要度,提出基于二叉判定图(BDD)的建筑安全定量分析方法。在得到安全事故故障树后,该方法执行BDD逻辑运算生成BDD结构,并通过遍历该结构计算各事件的Birnbaum测度值。管理人员可通过量化的重要度数值来分析各事件重要性,确定对工程安全影响最大的一些基本事件,从而制定安全措施来减少事故损失、保证工程质量。BDD结构特点使得该方法便于计算机编程实现,实验数据的对比分析表明BDD方法可正确高效地分析建筑安全事故。     

效益型安全管理在石油企业主营业务中的应用——以钻井地质设计的事故树(FTA)分析为例

为了实现石油企业的效益与安全兼顾,引入安全管理的事故树(FTA)分析法查找主要风险点,利用计算机软件模拟预测主营业务的生产流程,对每个技术环节定量计算、精准投入,规避并控制风险点,在收获并保护油层的同时保证安全生产,从而实现效益与安全兼顾;通过实例表明,该方法在企业的安全管理中是可行的.     

Seasonal Variations in Isoprene Emission from Tropical Deciduous Tree Species

Isoprene is a dominant constituent of the global biogenic volatile organic compounds budget. It plays an important role in regulating the atmospheric trace gas composition including tropospheric ozone concentrations. In this study, monthly measurements of isoprene emission rates were carried out over a 1-year period (December 2002–November 2003) from four Indian deciduous tree species, namely Ficus relegiosa, Ficus infectoria, Pongamia pinnata, and Morus alba, using branch enclosure method. Significantly high monthly variations in isoprene emission rates were observed in all four-plant species. Also, each plant species exhibited pronounced seasonal variation in isoprene emission. Maximum isoprene emissions were observed during summer and minimum during the winter or spring months.     

8种植物叶片对城市大气苯并（a）芘（BaP）的吸收比较

城市化及汽车的发展导致城市大气中多环芳烃（PAHs）含量较高,强致癌作用污染物苯并（a）芘（BaP）含量也相应增高。植物是大气环境天然的过滤器,能滞留、吸附和累积空气中多种污染物。选择广州市8种常见行道树,4种乔木：红花羊蹄甲（Bauhiniablakeana）、腊肠树（Cassiafistula）、高山榕（Ficus...     

Generic event trees and probabilities for the release of different types of hazardous materials

To simplify quantitative risk analysis, the initiating events leading to loss of containment are normally described using generic hypotheses. For example, the following hypothesis is applied to the loss of containment from a storage tank: instantaneous release of the complete inventory, continuous release of the complete inventory in 10 min, and continuous release from a hole with a diameter of 10 mm. Once the initiating events have been specified, the corresponding event trees must be drawn to establish the sequences from each initiating event to the diverse final outcomes or accident scenarios, which will depend on the properties of the released material or on other specific factors. In this paper we propose, in a systematic way, a set of short generic event trees for the main loss of containment scenarios involving different types of hazardous materials. Even though most of them have been taken from the literature (BEVI Reference Manual), we have modified some of them, added the corresponding intermediate probabilities (immediate ignition, delayed ignition, flame front acceleration, etc.) obtained from a literature review and expert judgment, and associated the use of each event tree to the hazardous properties of the material (flammability, volatility and toxicity) and to its category according to EC labeling directives.     

防火树种阻火特性的实验研究

以木荷作为防火树种 ,首先利用热重装置分别研究了其树干和枝叶的热解失重过程 ,从得到的热重曲线TG、DTG中发现 ,伴随着温度的升高 ,试样发生了三次失重高峰 ,并且 5 0 0℃时的残留物不及其初始重量的 10 %。然后在燃料床上以松针为燃料 ,分别模拟了 2 0°和 30°等小坡度情况下地表火的蔓延过程 ,通过分析热电偶记录下来的温度场分布 ,研究了火蔓延过程中防火树种在火焰和坡度作用下的阻火特性和阻火机理 ,结合其热解特性的研究 ,论证了水分析出是防火树种发挥阻火性能的关键因素 ,得到一些对生物防火技术研究有用的结论 ,为更好的利用和发展生物防火技术来预防和控制大规模森林火灾提供了理论基础。