Setting conservation management thresholds using a novel participatory modeling approach

We devised a participatory modeling approach for setting management thresholds that show when management intervention is required to address undesirable ecosystem changes. This approach was designed to be used when management thresholds: must be set for environmental indicators in the face of multiple competing objectives; need to incorporate scientific understanding and value judgments; and will be set by participants with limited modeling experience. We applied our approach to a case study where management thresholds were set for a mat‐forming brown alga, Hormosira banksii, in a protected area management context. Participants, including management staff and scientists, were involved in a workshop to test the approach, and set management thresholds to address the threat of trampling by visitors to an intertidal rocky reef. The approach involved trading off the environmental objective, to maintain the condition of intertidal reef communities, with social and economic objectives to ensure management intervention was cost‐effective. Ecological scenarios, developed using scenario planning, were a key feature that provided the foundation for where to set management thresholds. The scenarios developed represented declines in percent cover of H. banksii that may occur under increased threatening processes. Participants defined 4 discrete management alternatives to address the threat of trampling and estimated the effect of these alternatives on the objectives under each ecological scenario. A weighted additive model was used to aggregate participants’ consequence estimates. Model outputs (decision scores) clearly expressed uncertainty, which can be considered by decision makers and used to inform where to set management thresholds. This approach encourages a proactive form of conservation, where management thresholds and associated actions are defined a priori for ecological indicators, rather than reacting to unexpected ecosystem changes in the future.     

Cognitive processes in procedural justice judgments: The role of ease‐of‐retrieval,uncertainty, and experience

In a field experiment with 517 job applicants, the processes underlying the formation of procedural justice judgments were investigated. It was hypothesized that procedural justice judgments may be based not only on content information (e.g., “What are fair aspects of the selection procedure?”), but also on the felt ease or difficulty with which this content information can be retrieved from memory (ease‐of‐retrieval; e.g., “How easily can I recall fair aspects of the selection procedure?”). Evaluations of the company's online application procedure show that job candidates based procedural justice judgments on content information or on ease‐of‐retrieval, depending on their uncertainty regarding the online application procedure as well as their prior experiences with online applications. Specifically, experienced applicants who felt certain based their judgments on ease‐of‐retrieval, whereas all other applicants based their judgments on content information. Implications for research on the formation of justice judgments as well as practical applications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

活性污泥处理专家系统的构建

将活性污泥污水处理系统的预测知识、异常诊断知识及分析和控制知识进行整合，并利用基于Rough集的数据挖掘方法梳理、约简知识库，建立专家系统，实现对污水生物处理异常预测及专家诊断等功能。用VC．NET将CLIPS专家系统嵌入到基于网络的污水处理实时控制和数据采集实验平台系统中。通过多传感器的数据融合技术，经过对在线实时采集实验数据的分析，综合判断活性污泥的状态参数及其对系统的影响。     

浅析成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理的试点经验

为实现成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理,本文通过对成都市农村生活垃圾分类收运处理试点区域的实地调研,分析了农村生活垃圾的组分,详细介绍了试点区域垃圾分类方式、收运流程、分类成效和保障措施等,提出一些农村生活垃圾分类收运处理的重要的实践经验。     

反食物损失和浪费：日本经验与镜鉴

中国食物浪费问题严重,对粮食安全及资源环境构成重大挑战。新出台的《中华人民共和国反食品浪费法》开启了食物系统节流战略的顶层设计,而具体可操作的落地机制亟待探寻。研究通过政策归纳总结、趋势统计、对比分析等方法,参考日本官方网站发布的第一手资料,从法律演进、政策目标、机构职能、监测体系、国民行动等方面梳理了日本减少食物浪费的做法。研究指出：日本通过扩大生产者责任、制定食物系统节流目标、构建食物损失监测和核算体系、开展多部门协作,形成了较为完善的反食物浪费政策保障体系。基于日本经验的启示,凝练出中国未来反食物损失和浪费的政策路径与对策：食物安全理念应由增产导向转为开源、节流双向发力;增强法律的针对性和约束性;开展跨部门协作机制,全环节减少粮食浪费;构建食物损失和浪费监测核算体系,分行业分对象设计节流目标。     

基于规则的露天矿土地复垦适宜性评价专家系统

根据土地复垦适宜性评价的主导因子法，利用CLIPS专家系统语言设计了基于规则的土地复垦适宜性评价专家系统，为露天煤矿土地复垦的土地利用方向提供了决策工具。     

国外湖泊营养物基准向标准转化方法对我国的启示

由于我国现行水质标准中关于富营养化指标的制定缺乏基于营养物基准的分析研究,急需通过借鉴国外经验,找出适宜方法。介绍了美国和其他发达国家的营养物标准体系,回顾了美国国家环境保护局(US EPA)及各州和部落采用的不同营养物标准的制定程序和技术方法,重点分析了国外营养物标准指标的选取和确定标准值的方法。从湖泊营养物基准入手,探讨了制定我国湖泊营养物标准的方法及技术。     

中国台湾地区环境监测市场化经验

介绍了中国台湾地区环境监测市场化的现状、体制机制、资质认定等方面情况,总结了台湾地区对社会化环境检测机构采取的许可证管理、监管平台建设、严格日常监管等方面的有效经验。     

可再生能源发电配额制政策(RPS)研究

本文首先解释了可再生能源发电配额制政策的基本含义。然后 ,通过比较英国、美国、荷兰、丹麦和澳大利亚五国的可再生能源发电配额制政策 ,总结了实施RPS的国际经验 ,包括成功的经验和失败的教训 ,提出了以及对中国实施RPS的政策建议     

一起特大冒顶事故被困人员成功抢救经验探析

本文详细介绍了四老沟矿14-3号层303盘区2309巷道冒顶事故抢救所采取的措施,并对冒顶原因进行了分析。事故发生后,采用生命探测仪探测到了被困区域还有生命迹象,对抢救工作提出了更好要求;合理调整了通风系统,避免了被困人员窒息或中毒死亡;向被困区域打钻孔,给被困人员送进了牛奶等食物,避免了被困人因饥渴而死亡;快速掘进救人通道,救出被困人员。由于决策科学、果断,措施得力,才使得8名被困人员全部脱险。详细分析了事故的原因,一是采用锚杆、无腿工字钢梁联合支护设计不合理;二是施工中存在锚杆预紧力低、托钩外露长度超长、工字钢棚数量不足等问题;三是上覆14-2号煤层采空区岩层活动及8309回采面开采动压对巷道造成了很大的影响。最后,对预防类似事故发生所采取的措施和建议做出了结论。