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81.
82.
Open-cast lignite mining in the Lusatian mining district resulted in rehabilitated mine soils containing up to four organic matter types: (1) recent plant litter, (2) lignite deposited by mining activity, (3) carbonaceous ash particles deposited during amelioration of the lignite-containing parent substrate and (4) airborne carbonaceous particles deposited during contamination. The influence of lignite-derived carbon types on the organic matter development and their role in the soil carbon cycle was unknown. This paper presents the findings obtained during a six year project concerning the impact of lignite on soil organic matter composition and the biogeochemical functioning of the ecosystem. The organic matter development after rehabilitation was followed in a chronosequence of rehabilitated mine soils afforested in 1966, 1981 and 1987. A differentiation of the organic matter types and an evaluation of their role within the ecosystem was achieved by the use of 14C activity measurements, 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy and wet chemical analysis of plant litter compounds. The results showed that the amount and degree of decomposition of the recent organic matter derived from plant material of the 30 year old mine soil was similar to natural uncontaminated forest soil which suggests complete rehabilitation of the ecosystem. The decomposition and humification processes were not influenced by the presence of lignite. On the other hand it was shown that lignite, which was thought to be recalcitrant because of its chemical structure, was part of the carbon cycle in these soils. This demonstrates the need to elucidate further the stabilisation mechanisms of organic matter in soils. 相似文献
83.
Lakes caused by coal mining processes are characterized by low pH, low nutrient status, and high concentrations of Fe(II) and sulfate due to the oxidation of pyrite in the surrounding mine tailings. Fe(III) produced during Fe(II) oxidation precipitates to the anoxic acidic sediment, where the microbial reduction of Fe(III) is the dominant electron-accepting process for the oxidation of organic matter, apparently mediated by acidophilic Acidiphilium species. Those bacteria can reduce a great variety of Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides and reduce Fe(III) and oxygen simultaneously which might be due to the small differences in the redox potentials under low pH conditions. Due to the absence of sulfide, Fe(II) formed in the upper 6 cm of the sediment diffuses to oxic zones in the water layer where itcan be reoxidized by Acidithiobacillus species. Thus, acidic conditions are stabilized by the cycling of iron which inhibits fermentative and sulfate-reducing activities. With increasing sediment depth, the amount of reactive iron decrease, the pH increases above 5, and fermentative and as yet unknown Fe(III)-reducing bacteria are also involved in the reduction of Fe(III). Sulfate is reduced apparently by the activity of spore-forming sulfate reducers including new species of Desulfosporosinus that have their pH optimum similar to in situconditions and are not capable of growth at pH 7. However, generation of alkalinity via sulfate reduction is reduced by the anaerobic reoxidation of sulfide back to sulfate. Thus, the microbial cycling of iron at the oxic-anoxic interface and the anaerobic cycling of sulfur maintains environmental conditions appropriate for acidophilic Fe(III)-reducing and acid-tolerant sulfate-reducing microbial communities. 相似文献
84.
J. V. Bonta C. R. Amerman T. J. Harlukowicz W. A. Dick 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1997,33(4):907-917
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern iii base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91. 相似文献
85.
采掘诱发地震的成因及对策 总被引:14,自引:4,他引:14
根据煤或岩体的赋存特征及采动后的受力特点,将采矿及掘进等工程进行过程中诱发的地震灾害分为三类,即完整煤岩体受压应力作用的失稳、顶底板受拉应力型地震及断层走滑受剪型诱发地震。文章在分别分析其成因的基础上,研究了采矿诱发三种类型地震的发生条件,提出了防治发生诱发地震的对策。 相似文献
86.
特大型煤和瓦斯突出的地质条件及其成因 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
朱兴珊 《中国安全科学学报》1997,7(6):18-24
特大型煤和瓦斯突出危害极大,具有独特的发生条件,应专门研究。在全国99 次特大型煤和瓦斯突出详细研究的基础上,总结了特大型突出的一般特征及发生的地质和采矿条件,并给出了南桐矿区的几个临界值。对特大型突出地质条件的成因进行了较深入的探讨,提出了防止特大型突出的几点建议 相似文献
87.
论述了中国燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染防治技术的选择及评价,其中主要包括:《中国燃煤工业锅炉SO2污染综合防治对策》的产生、主要内容、特点、选择、评价及其实施的意义。 相似文献
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90.
我国十一五规划对煤炭发展做出了新的要求,要建立和谐社会,煤矿安全是煤炭行业和谐发展的第一要务.煤矿安全立法相对滞后,现行法律缺乏针对性和可操作性,应加强煤矿安全立法.加强煤矿安全司法力度,对有效预防煤矿安全事故意义重大,同时应积极开展煤矿安全法制教育,提高煤矿从业人员的安全法治意识.强化煤矿安全执法力度,执法必严,是保障煤矿安全的关键环节. 相似文献