Direct and indirect effects of weather experiences on life satisfaction – which role for climate change expectations?

This paper deals with the effect of (1) damage experience from extreme weather events and (2) expectations concerning future climate change on subjective well-being (SWB). We use data from a large representative survey carried out amongst German households. The effect of experienced weather events on the SWB of the heads of households is significant only in the case of heat waves; the same cannot be said for storms, heavy rain, and floods. Concerns about future climate change in households have a substantial negative impact on current SWB. In addition, we divide the impact of experience into direct and indirect effects of damage, deduced from the impact of experience on expectations regarding future climate change. Both direct and indirect effects of weather experiences are quantified. It becomes apparent that the indirect effect is significant, but small when compared to the direct effect.     

低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的反硝化特性

从底泥中分离出1株低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13,经常规生理生化鉴定和16SrDNA测序,鉴定出细菌SY13属于Acinetobactersp．。考察了温度、pH、C／N比及接种量对菌株SY13硝酸盐还原活性的影响,初始硝酸盐浓度为15mg／L左右,温度为15℃时低温贫营养好氧反硝化细菌SY13的硝酸盐去除率为49．26％,在中性环境适应性较强,pH值为7．0时72h的硝氮去除率达到58．08％,随着C／N比不断增加,菌株SY13硝酸盐的去除效果逐渐增强,接种量为10％时,菌株SY13培养72h后的硝氮去除率可达到59．62％。     

Past and Present Permafrost Temperatures in the Abisko Area: Redrilling of Boreholes

Monitoring of permafrost has been ongoing since 1978 in the Abisko area, northernmost Sweden, when measurements of active layer thickness started. In 1980, boreholes were drilled in three mires in the area to record permafrost temperatures. Recordings were made twice per year, and the last data were obtained in 2002. During the International Polar Year (2007–2008), new boreholes were drilled within the ‘Back to the Future’ (BTF) and ‘Thermal State of Permafrost’ (TSP) projects that enabled year-round temperature monitoring. Mean annual ground temperatures (MAGT) in the mires are close to 0°C, ranging from −0.16 to −0.47°C at 5 m depth. Data from the boreholes show increasing ground temperatures in the upper and lower part by 0.4 to 1°C between 1980 and 2002. At one mire, permafrost thickness has decreased from 15 m in 1980 to ca. 9 m in 2009, with an accelerating thawing trend during the last decade.     

Too hot to handle: The effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on adult welfare outcomes

This paper studies the long-term effects of high temperatures during pregnancy on later-life outcomes for Chinese adults. Adults experienced one additional high-temperature day during in utero period, on average, attain 0.02 fewer years of schooling, increase the risk of illiteracy by 0.18%, achieve lower standardized word-test score by 0.48%, and are shorter by 0.02 cm. The impacts are greater in the first and second trimesters. Additionally, we find that income effects represent one important channel to explain the adverse effects of hot weather. Back-of-the-envelope predictions suggest that by the end of the 21st century, a 0.14–0.54 reduction in years of education and a 0.21–0.84 cm reduction in height is likely to result from climate change, ceteris paribus.     

Risk-based inspection for large-scale crude oil tanks

Periodic Internal Inspection Method often results in under-inspection or over-inspection for large-scale crude oil tank. Therefore, how to determine reasonable internal inspection interval (INTII) has great significance on balancing the safe operation requirement and inspection cost for crude oil tanks. Here, RBI (risk-based inspection) technology is used to quantitatively assess the risk of crude oil tanks in an oil depot in China. The risk comparison between tank shell and bottom shows that the risk of tank depends on the risk of tank bottom. The prediction procedure of INTII for crude oil tanks is also presented. The INTII predicted by RBI method is gradually extended with the increasing of the acceptable risk level. The method to determine the acceptable risk of crude oil tanks is proposed, by which 3.54E+04 are taken as the acceptable risk of the oil depot. The safety factor of 0.8 is proposed to determine the final INTIIs for 18 crude oil tanks. The INTII requirement in China code SY/T 5921, 5-7 years, is very conservative and lower than predicted service life of tanks. The INTIIs predicted by Gumbel method are smaller than by RBI method for tanks with short INTII. Therefore, this paper recommends RBI method to predict the INTII for crude oil tanks.     

近52a长江中下游地区极端降水的时空变化特征

长江中下游地区是我国主要农业区,同时也是降水异常,洪涝灾害频繁发生的地区之一,对长江中下游地区极端降水变化的研究,可以为该区农业生产及防洪减灾提供参考依据。利用1961~2012年间的长江中下游地区84个站点的逐日降水观测资料,基于年最大日降水(AM)序列与超门限峰值降水(POT)序列,通过滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验法、线性倾向估计等方法,分析了该地区极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区近52a来极端降水量呈现为较明显的增加趋势,且极端降水量速率为9.3mm/10a,存在较为明显的年代际波动变化特征,1990年以后进入极端降水量偏多的时期;(2)AM与POT序列多年平均值大值主要分布在江西省大部、湖北东南部以及安徽南部;AM与POT序列多年标准差大值主要分布江西东南部与北部,湖北东南部以及湖南西北部;AM序列多年平均值与标准差均高于POT序列,AM序列年际间振幅要明显强于POT序列,极端降水年际变化幅度大于年内变化;(3)长江中下游沿岸地区年最大日降水量主要表现为增加趋势,长江以北的西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势;长江沿岸地区以及中东部地区的极端降水量主要表现为增加趋势,西部地区则主要表现为减少趋势。     

1961~2010年大渡河流域极端降水事件变化特征

基于大渡河流域1961~2010年逐日降水数据资料,运用Mann-Kendall非参数检验、Morlet小波分析法,分析了近50a来大渡河流域极端降水事件的时空变化特征。结果表明,大渡河流域的极端降水指数均呈现出相对稳定的波动增加;多年平均值均呈现出由西北向东南方向逐渐增多的分布特征,变化趋势的空间分布存在着区域差异:除强降水日数外,其他极端降水指数均呈现下游增加,上游减小的变化趋势,大渡河流域极端降水与年降水量变化趋势密切相关。大渡河流域各指数突变特征不一致,1d、5d最大降水量突变年集中在1974~1976年前后;强降水日数、极端降水量及极端强降水日数发生突变的年份分别为1984年、1979年及1977年,且突变后呈现明显的增大趋势。大渡河流域极端降水指数周期特征较复杂,但普遍存在5~10a的年际振荡周期和20~25a的年代际振荡周期,且25a是最强的主周期。     

长江中下游夏季极端降水事件频次的统计降尺度模拟与预估

利用CMIP5三个耦合模式的历史模拟及不同情景预测结果、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和长江中下游观测降水资料,采用统计降尺度方法对长江中下游夏季极端降水频次进行模拟和预估。首先,通过计算相关的方法,获取建立统计降尺度预测模型所需的预测因子。提取的预测因子同时满足既是观测环流要素场影响极端降水的关键区域,又是模式要素场预报的高技巧区域两个条件;然后,结合挑选出的预测因子,利用多元线性回归方法建立长江中下游极端降水的统计降尺度预测模型,并对模型性能进行检验。交叉检验结果表明,此种统计降尺度方法能对过去长江中下游极端降水变化有较好的再现能力,且多个降尺度模型结果的集合能进一步提高降尺度方法的模拟技巧;最后,将建立的统计降尺度模型应用于CMIP5未来3种不同的排放情景来对极端降水进行未来预估,并对多模式结果进行集合。结果显示,统计降尺度模型预估未来几个年代际长江中下游夏季极端降水频次相对于1986~2005年呈增加趋势,21世纪中、后期高排放情景下极端降水频次增加幅度高于低排放情景。     

考虑数据去噪分解的滑坡位移组合预测研究

为准确掌握滑坡位移变化规律,基于滑坡变形监测结果统计,对位移数据进行去噪分解处理,将滑坡位移数据分解为趋势项和误差项,并分别利用优化多核极限学习机和Arima模型构建预测模型,以实现滑坡位移的组合预测.结果表明:Morlet复小波较传统去噪模型分解效果更优,且通过优化处理,能更好地提高其分解能力;通过对多核极限学习机的...     

海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力场耦合研究

为研究海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力的变化规律,基于流体力学和传热学理论,考虑超高温高压井筒环境对钻井液密度以及钻井液流变参数的影响,建立海上超高温高压钻井井筒温度压力耦合预测模型,并利用实例井现场随钻数据进行模型验证,分析正常钻进期间井筒温度压力的变化规律。研究结果表明：对井筒温度而言,钻井液流变性变化的影响大于钻井液密度变化的影响,耦合计算温度结果要大于不耦合计算的温度值,且两者之间的温差随井深的增加越来越大;对井筒压力而言,钻井液密度变化对当量循环密度ECD(equivalent criculating density)的影响要大于流变性对ECD的影响,且耦合计算的ECD要小于不耦合计算的ECD值。该耦合模型可以提高井筒温度压力的预测与控制精度,并降低超高温高压地层窄密度窗口中的安全钻进风险,研究结果对超高温高压钻井精准的井筒温度压力预测及控制具有重要意义。