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391.
ABSTRACT: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) were used to assess the relationships between land use patterns and the physical habitat and macroinvertebrate fauna of streams within similar sized watersheds. Eleven second or third order watersheds ranging from highly urbanized to heavily forested were selected along Lake Superior's North Shore. Land use patterns within the watersheds were quantified using readily available digital land use/land cover information, with a minimum mapping resolution of 16 ha. Physical habitat features, describing substrate characteristics and stream morphology, were characterized at sample points within each stream. Principle component and correlation analyses were used to identify relationships between macroinvertebrates and stream physical habitat, and between habitat and land use patterns. Substrate characteristics and presence of coarse woody debris were found to have the strongest correlations with macreinvertebrate assemblage richness and composition. Agricultural and urban land use was correlated with substrate characteristics. Algal abundance, associated with macroinvertebrate compositional differences, was correlated with housing density and non-forest land covers. The use of readily available spatial data, even at this relatively coarse scale, provides a means to detect the primary relationships between land use and stream habitat quality; finer-resolution GIS databases are needed to assess more subtle influences, such as those due to riparian conditions. 相似文献
393.
Peter F. M. McLoughlin 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(3):599-607
ABSTRACT: Third World irrigation and drainage systems have experienced major declines recently in both capability and performance. This is due initially to working them well beyond their design capaci-capacities; scouring, sedimentation, and overtopping result. Chronic O&M underfunding then adds heavily to this worsening malaise. International donors have assisted irrigation departments with rehabilitation projects and programs to improve O&M effectiveness on a grand (billions of dollars) scale. Despite their historical propensity to examine, almost fastidiously, program economic justifications (B/C, IRR, etc), the donors apparently have glossed over two basic analytic elements for (a) more spending on O&M as distinct from an equivalent spending on other means to provide farmers with an m3 of water; and (b) different levels of O&M spending on canals and drains. Surely those different levels provide differing benefits, in total, and at the margin. Which level is most economic? This paper identifies these latter analytical issues, posits methodologies key to an O&M spending level analysis, and discusses the information base. Particular attention is paid to identifying relevant costs and benefits, and to suggesting supplementary criteria for O&M spending level selection. The paper is an exercise in delineation of an imminently practical area of irrigation engineering economics. 相似文献
394.
Thanakorn Uan-On Otto J. Helweg 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(2):261-268
ABSTRACT: The Nonlinear Risk-Benefit (NRB) Algorithm includes risk as one of the objectives in a multiple-objective optimization problem. The NRB Algorithm is derived by extending the Surrogate Worth Trade-Off method to quadratic programming. This category of problem is common in water resources planning and design, especially multipurpose reservoir systems. Consequently, an example is given using the algorithm for optimally operating a multipurpose reservoir. 相似文献
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降低企业库存风险问题研究 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
大多数企业都面临着库存风险问题 ,库存过多 ,造成积压 ,不仅占用大量资金和场地 ,加重企业的利息负担 ,而且长期存放会使物品陈旧过时 ,失去原有的价值和使用价值。如何降低库存风险 ,使库存经常处于合理水平 ,是每个企业都十分关心的问题。笔者分析了库存管理中存在的问题 ,提出需求预测和安全库存的确定 ,是降低库存风险的两个重要前提 ,同时讨论了安全库存的计算方法 ,以及降低库存风险的主要措施 相似文献
398.
甲撑二苯基二异氰酸酯 (MDI)生产过程中涉及到了多种危险有害因素。笔者通过对国内现役MDI生产装置进行调研 ,同时结合国内外其他涉及光气生产厂家的情况 ,分析并指出了生产过程中可能出现的危险有害因素 ,从而提出了相应的对策措施 相似文献
399.
太湖流域主要城市洪涝灾害生态风险评价 总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11
太湖流域有上海,苏州,无锡,常州,镇江,杭州,嘉兴,湖州八个大中城市,是我国产业最集中,工农业最发达的地区之一,但该地区洪涝灾害频繁,这不仅制约了流域中各城市经济的发展,还严重威胁到该地区城市的生存平衡,本文根据生存风险评价原理,结合太湖流域的自然特点,提出成因分析法的指标模型。并通过分析太湖流域八个大中城市的汛期降雨量和地形地貌因子对洪涝灾害生态风险的影响度,得出各个城市洪涝灾害的生态风险度,最后还根据各城市风险度的大小及其主导因素的不同,提出了如何管理洪涝灾害生态风险的建议。 相似文献
400.