大学校园安全的技防与人防

论文结合现有文献分析了大学校园存在周边环境复杂、学生安全意识薄弱、未能落实安防制度和安全责任、安全设备运用不足等问题,提出大学校园的安全工作应遵循人防与技防相结合的原则,建议通过安全人防的岗位责任制、培训机制、安保部门和公安机关联动机制、奖励机制,以及技防的安防设备配置全面规划、意外安全事故风险防范、安防设备和技术的自主创新等方式,来改善大学校园的安全水平。     

城乡接合部居民楼火灾风险评价及防控对策研究

为了准确探究城乡接合部居民楼火灾事故致因机理,预防与控制城乡接合部日常生产与生活过程中引发火灾事故的有效途径,建立信息面更全、实际性更强的火灾风险评估模型是目前行之有效的手段。基于湖南省某地发生火灾事故的实际情况,根据事故树分析法,以城乡接合部居民楼火灾事故为顶事件构建事故树,计算得到事故树的最小割集、最小径集和结构重要度,研究城乡接合部居民楼火灾事故的发生模式、致因因素及影响程度,为改善城乡接合部居民楼火灾安全提供重要的理论依据,并提出相应的防控措施及对策。     

2016—2020年全国化工和危险化学品事故分析研究*

为分析“十三五”期间（2016—2020年）我国化工和危险化学品事故发生情况，统计“十三五”期间化工和危险化学品事故数量及死亡人数，从发生月份、发生区域、行业分布等方面分析事故特征，从事故类别、事故环节、关键作业等方面分析事故原因，总结2011—2020年我国化工和危险化学品事故发展趋势，按照全国4大经济区域研究2013—2020年事故特征。结果表明:“十三五”期间我国化工和危险化学品事故数量呈下降趋势，死亡人数出现波动，总体形势较为平稳。2011—2020年化工和危险化学品事故风险向中西部转移趋势明显，东北、西部地区事故死亡率普遍高于东部地区。研究结果可为相关行业从业者及监管部门提供决策参考。     

煤矿火灾烟气流动传播过程仿真研究

煤矿发生火灾后会生成大量有毒气体并产生火风压,烟气在火灾动力的影响下出现状态紊乱,研究煤矿火灾烟气流动传播过程对控制火情有着重要意义。基于国内外研究现状,对燃烧及风流特点进行分析,建立了煤矿火灾烟气流动数学模型,并利用CFD软件进行仿真。研究表明:无通风工况下的烟气为对称流动;随着风速增加,出口处温度降低,烟气向风流入口处的流速减小。     

Understanding Interaction Effects of Climate Change and Fire Management on Bird Distributions through Combined Process and Habitat Models

Abstract: Avian conservation efforts must account for changes in vegetation composition and structure associated with climate change. We modeled vegetation change and the probability of occurrence of birds to project changes in winter bird distributions associated with climate change and fire management in the northern Chihuahuan Desert (southwestern U.S.A.). We simulated vegetation change in a process‐based model (Landscape and Fire Simulator) in which anticipated climate change was associated with doubling of current atmospheric carbon dioxide over the next 50 years. We estimated the relative probability of bird occurrence on the basis of statistical models derived from field observations of birds and data on vegetation type, topography, and roads. We selected 3 focal species, Scaled Quail (Callipepla squamata), Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus), and Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus), that had a range of probabilities of occurrence for our study area. Our simulations projected increases in relative probability of bird occurrence in shrubland and decreases in grassland and Yucca spp. and ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens) vegetation. Generally, the relative probability of occurrence of all 3 species was highest in shrubland because leaf‐area index values were lower in shrubland. This high probability of occurrence likely is related to the species’ use of open vegetation for foraging. Fire suppression had little effect on projected vegetation composition because as climate changed there was less fuel and burned area. Our results show that if future water limits on plant type are considered, models that incorporate spatial data may suggest how and where different species of birds may respond to vegetation changes.     

Ecosystem restoration in fire-managed savanna woodlands: Effects on biodiversity,local livelihoods and fire intensity

Ethiopia aims to restore 15 million ha degraded forests and woodlands, but effects on the potentially contrasting goals of long-term carbon storage, biodiversity and sustainable livelihoods are unknown. To quantify the effects of grazing exclusion on vegetation and fire behaviour, we established six 30 × 30 m fenced exclosures with grazed controls, in a mesic wooded savanna. Experimental burns were done after 1.5 years. Tree seedlings were few but more common inside fences. Field layer cover and biomass increased inside fences, and grass species increased in numbers and cover. Fire intensity was higher inside fences, killing shrubs and saplings but not mature trees. Interviews confirmed that overgrazing has resulted in “cool fires”, causing shrub encroachment. High-intensity fires occurred in the 1980s after a zoonotic disease killed most livestock. Short-term increase in carbon storage through fire and grazing exclusion may lead to loss of pasture, and in the long-term increased wildfire risk.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s13280-020-01343-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

中国铀矿冶放射性污染防治"十三五"规划思路研究

首先从放射性废水、废石及尾矿、放射性废气、运输、退役及辐射环境管理等六个方面介绍了中国铀矿冶三废处理现状,分析了中国铀矿冶在放射性污染防治方面所存在的辐射安全状况依然严峻、环境保护技术滞后、退役治理存在较明显的局限性与片面性、铀矿冶标准体系有待完善、地下水污染与控制措施及其研究不够等问题,最后对"十三五"中国铀矿冶放射性污染防治提出了加快铀矿冶退役治理进程、加强铀矿冶废水处理技术研究工作、进一步加强铀矿山井下辐射防护工作、加快铀矿冶退役治理工程长期监护机制的出台、全面梳理铀矿冶法规标准体系的建议,以期为中国铀矿冶领域放射性污染防治提供科学的和系统的工作思路.     

区域森林火灾危害程度评价指标构建

为弥补用发生次数和受害森林面积评价森林火灾危害程度的不足,在拟定了林火次数比率、森林燃烧率、森林受害面积比率、每起森林火灾平均受害面积、森林火灾发生次数变异系数、受害森林面积变异系数6个指标的基础上,利用权重法确定了综合指标。结果表明,单一指标可以从某个方面评价森林火灾危害程度,综合指标则能更好地评价某个区域森林火灾的危害程度,更便于区域间的比较和评价。     

人工湿地堵塞机理及防堵措施浅析及研究

人工湿地作为一种高效率、低投资、低运行费用、低能耗的污水处理技术,越来越受到世界各国的关注。随着人工湿地的不断推广与应用,堵塞是影响其应用和推广的主要因素之一。湿地发生堵塞后,基质的渗透系数会急剧下降,过水能力也随之降低,大量引入湿地系统的污水直接雍积在湿地表面,长期积水引发恶臭、导致蚊蝇滋生,恶化运行环境。本文通过对人工湿地运行过程中出现的填料堵塞机理与特点进行分析,归纳和总结了人工湿地堵塞的影响因素,提出了人工湿地堵塞相应的解决措施,提高人工湿地对污水的处理效果,以期能够为人工湿地的应用及推广提供参考。     

天津市＂十二五＂大气污染联防联控规划分析解读研究

天津市作为京津冀地区重要城市之一,经济迅速发展,环境空气质量保持稳定形势不容乐观。研究分析了‘‘十一五”期间天津市大气污染防治工作进展和环境空气质量变化趋势,探讨了未来天津市经济持续发展带来的能源消耗、机动车保有量及施工面积等的增加与大气复合污染防治面临的压力与挑战,提出了“十二五”期间大气污染防治对策与建议,重点涉及控煤、控尘、控车、加强保障等方面,为促进天津市经济可持续发展、持续改善环境空气质量起到指导作用。