火灾条件下弹药仓库储存安全性研究

在分析火灾对弹药及仓库危害的基础上,结合我军弹药仓库的实际情况与运行规律,研究了弹药仓库火灾产生和发展的影响因素,选取典型弹药或元件进行了模拟火灾条件下弹药燃爆时限测试,得出了火灾条件下弹药仓库控火与灭火的安全时限.     

论我国典型公共场所突发事件现场应急处置中消防部队的主导作用

消防部队作为应对典型公共场所突发事件的主导救援力量具有独特的优势,并从法律优势、体制优势、装备优势、经验优势、信息化建设优势、地域分布优势和群众信任优势等7个方面获得充分论证。从政府加强法制建设,扩充现有消防人员的编制,进一步加大消防经费投入、加强消防基础设施和装备建设以及加强技术培训、提升消防部队整体实战能力等4个方面提出了保障消防部队主导地位的措施。笔者认为:只要保障有力,在我国典型公共场所突发事件现场应急处置的过程中,组建一支以消防部队为主导的能够承担多种灾害紧急救援任务的专业化综合救援队伍是可行的,消防部队作为主导救援力量具有其他任何应急救援组织无可比拟的基础和条件。     

蒸汽抑制熄灭酒精池火有效性的模拟实验研究

蒸汽灭火系统在酒类作业场所有着广阔的应用前景.通过全淹没和局部保护实验对蒸汽抑制熄灭酒精池火的有效性进行了研究.实验结果表明,全淹方式难以有效控火,但是布局合理的局部保护方式能够有效熄灭酒精池火.蒸汽灭火过程中稀释O2浓度的灭火机理起到的作用较小,蒸汽的火焰拉伸效果是其主导灭火机理.     

横向风对油池火烧试验的影响

以模拟包装容器的油池火烧试验为例,利用FLUENT计算流体动力学模拟软件,对不同风速条件下直径为3 m的煤油池火灾进行三维定常模拟,获得了风速大小与火焰倾角和火焰锋面的变化关系,并拟合出了火焰倾角随风速变化的简化公式;分析了横向风对包装容器周围火焰热辐射通量分布产生的影响,验证了风速低于2 m/s对包装容器火烧试验不会产生较大影响的结论,对包装容器耐火特性试验的开展具有实际指导意义。     

Seeking knowledge of traditional Indigenous burning practices to inform regional bushfire management

ABSTRACT

A transdisciplinary review of the current academic knowledge of Indigenous traditional fire management is presented for the Mt Lofty Ranges in South Australia. For a long time, the roles of Indigenous management of the landscape have either been overlooked or discounted within environmental studies. That situation is beginning to change in many parts of Australia. However, this review of knowledge of traditional Indigenous burning practices specifically for the Mt Lofty Ranges suggests that there is very little formalised, academic knowledge available that could be utilised to inform prescribed burning practices in the region. Perhaps Indigenous peoples’ use of fire was strongly governed by individual choices, or perhaps established regimes demarcated roles across groups; perhaps some areas were burnt regularly and others were left unaltered – there is still no clear evidence from the academic literature to provide even limited understandings of such elements of pre-colonial fire regimes. That gap in knowledge will become increasingly problematic as the need for appropriate, sophisticated burning practices to respond to risk in peri-urban Adelaide increases with a changing climate. To learn from traditional Indigenous land management: (a) formal knowledge needs to be generated on past regional burning practices; and (b) understanding needs to be developed as to whether past burning practices could lead to effective hazard management and biodiversity outcomes within contemporary landscapes. Such an integration of Indigenous knowledge for effective environmental management will only be possible if the injustices of past exclusions of the importance of Indigenous biocultural practices are recognised.     

电厂烟气注入采空区封存的可行性

为了考察将电厂烟气注入采空区实现防火与气体封存的可行性,采用自制的煤大样量吸附装置测定了常温、常压条件下塔山烟煤对各种烟气成分的饱和吸附量,并对烟煤在空气和烟气氛围下对氧气的吸附行为进行了研究. 结果表明:将电厂烟气注入井下采空区,每t煤可封存约1.20 m3的CO₂,烟气中SO₂和NO₂可全部被烟煤封存;在物理吸附阶段,烟煤对CO₂的吸附量分别为对N₂吸附量的13倍,对O₂吸附量的41倍;在常温、常压条件下,烟煤对N₂和CO₂的吸附为物理吸附,12 h已基本达到饱和状态,但烟煤对O₂的吸附随着时间的增加逐渐由物理吸附转变为化学吸附,因此在较长时间内未能达到平衡状态. 通过不同气体氛围下烟煤吸附氧气量的数据分析发现,将电厂烟气注入到采空区,因烟煤对氧气的吸附量降低了29%,可有效抑制其自燃反应的进行. 研究显示,电厂烟气注入采空区可实现节能减排和灾害治理的统一.      

Community fire use,resource change,and livelihood impacts: The downward spiral in the wetlands of southern Sumatra

Fire is an important community wetland management tool in Indonesia, but its increasing use in the wetlands of southern Sumatra is degrading the landscape and diminishing household incomes and livelihood options. We studied evolving community land and fire use, resource and livelihood impacts on two sites of roughly 250 km² each using satellite image analysis and biological and socio-economic surveys. Uncontrolled fire use expanded over time in relation to sonor or swamp rice cultivation, logging, fishing, grazing, and annual cropping on drained wetlands. As a result, most of the landscape has been subject to repeated fires of varying intensities, more extensive in El Niño years. Direct burning by companies played a smaller transitory role in fire ignition over the two decades. But company activities and other large-scale developments contributed to expanding community fire-based land use by bringing in more people, improving access to remote wetlands or making them more flammable. Widespread, repeated fires have transformed the landscape from mature high swamp forests to uniform stands of fire-resistant Gelam (Melaleuca cajuputi) forests and thickets, open savannas and grasslands. These new types of land cover are also degrading. Local communities have rapidly adapted to the changing resources and new opportunities. Logging and fishing declined in importance, and sonor and harvesting of Gelam expanded. But resource depletion has led to falling incomes and fewer livelihood options. The impacts extend beyond local areas as workers migrate into neighbouring forests to extract resources. Large-scale developments, community fire-based management practices and landscape transformation are spreading from accessible to formerly more remote wetlands.     

两种含氮高分子材料的热解烟气毒性评价

采用GA/T 506-2004中规定的产烟模型对2种含氮高分子材料进行热解,将实验动物动态暴露于热解烟气中并使用傅立叶变换红外分析仪(FTIR)对热解烟气进行成分分析,将成分分析的结果用模型进行计算.结果表明,在热解温度为600 ℃时,腈纶毛线的热解烟气毒性大大高于羊毛地毯的热解烟气毒性;在不考虑NO2的情况下N-气体值在0.5～1.3之间有受试动物死亡;烟气毒性的研究中数学计算方法不一定能完全替代动物实验;动物实验与成分分析、数学计算相结合在现阶段还是研究烟气毒性的较为有效的手段.     

转炉煤气储存系统火灾爆炸危险性评价

本文在对某钢厂转炉煤气储存系统危险有害因素分析的基础上,应用道化学火灾爆炸危险指数法对其火灾爆炸危险性进行了定量计算和安全评价,结果表明通过切实可行的安全措施进行补偿,系统固有危险程度由"很大"变为"较轻",同时对煤气柜爆炸进行了事故模拟分析,从而为预防和控制煤气事故提供了科学依据。     

二氧化碳灭火系统误喷事故分析及预防措施探讨

根据二氧化碳灭火系统在工程中的实际应用,系统分析灭火系统误喷事故原因,建立引起二氧化碳灭火系统误喷事故树。通过事故树计算各基本事件的结构重要度,确定基本事件对误喷事故产生的影响程度,最后为防止误喷事故发生制定了预防措施。