超临界丙酮降解废弃线路板中的溴化环氧树脂简

探讨废弃线路板中溴化环氧树脂在超临界丙酮中的脱溴降解特性,重点考察了温度、反应时间和有机溶剂添加量对溴化环氧树脂降解特性的影响,确立的最佳实验条件为：温度260℃、保温时间1~2 h、丙酮添加量20~40 mL,系统压强3~6 MPa,此时溴化环氧树脂能够快速降解,脱溴率达到97.94%,降解产物主要为苯酚和异丙基苯酚,含量分别为60.99%和3.12%,降解产物中溴主要以HBr的形式存在于油相中,可以用碱液从油相中萃取脱除。线路板经超临界丙酮处理后,铜箔与玻璃纤维自动分层解离便于后续破碎回收,为废弃线路板的无害化处理和资源回收利用提供了一条新途径。     

多点网格流速在线测量方法研究

烟气流速是CEMS监测的重要参数,其准确性直接关系到污染物排放总量。由于受安装场地的限制,同一烟道截面流速分布不均匀,单点测量难以真实反映断面流真实流速。根据某电厂流速监测现状,结合Fluent软件对烟道流场进行模拟分析和手工网格采样理论,提出多点网格在线流速测量方法,明显提高流速测量精度和代表性。     

环境中“新型”持久性有机污染物的质谱分析

“新型”持久性有机污染物逐渐受到环境科研工作者的重视,这类物质包括溴代阻燃剂、全氟化合物、多氯萘、多氯代正构烷烃和药物以及个人护理用品等,综述了目前对这类环境污染物的检测分析技术。     

火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定饮用水中铁和锰的不确定度评定

分析了测试过程中不确定度影响因素,其主要来源为标准溶液、标准曲线拟合、样品重复测定、分光光度计4部分。本次测量结果为:铁(0.232±0.012)mg/L;锰(0.092±0.004)mg/L,k=2(约95%置信水平)。     

固定污染源烟气在烟道中流速分布的研究

针对固定污染源烟气在烟道中流速分布对净化方法的效率和排放总量计算的影响,采用自主研制的组合式流场的流速采样枪和国标方法对某电厂矩形烟道进行了烟气在烟道中流速分布的研究。实验结果表明,组合式流场的流速采样枪在烟道同一断面上各测点进行同时、同步、多点测量,其测量数据既能反映同一断面各测点上的流速特征,又能反映断面上各点的均值。组合采样枪各测点的伸入深度与流速之间呈对数关系,相关系数为0.960 6,数据具有真实性和准确性。烟气流速在烟道分布相当不均匀,呈现高流速、中流速、低流速3个区域。烟气流速由烟道内侧向外侧逐步增大,由内侧3 m/s,增加到外侧16 m/s。烟道顶部流速要高于烟道底部流速。     

超声波流速仪在烟气流速测量中的应用

在国内一个电厂的烟道上安装了超声波流速仪,进行了参比测试实验、在线校准实验、半年连续运行实验。参比测试结果显示,超声波流速仪对烟道截面流速的代表性好,在烟道直管段长度不够的情况下速度场系数精密度为1.88%,修正后与参比方法的相对误差为0.57%;在线校准实验显示,超声波流速仪零点和量程稳定性好,6个月没有明显漂移;连续运行实验期内有效数据采集率为99.9%,且与锅炉负荷相关性高。实验表明,采用超声波流速仪可以提高烟气流速测量的技术水平和可靠性,降低质量控制的难度和费用。     

侧开缝对竖通道内旋转热流场影响的实验研究

为了掌握竖通道两侧开缝对于通道内热流场的影响,在一32cm(长)×32cm(宽)×200cm(高)的竖通道内进行了旋转热流场实验研究,对比了在不同热源条件下,竖通道侧开缝宽度为3.0cm和3.5cm时,侧开缝底部5cm高区域被遮挡前后通道内热流场的变化。实验结果表明,与遮挡前相比,遮挡通道侧开缝底部对火焰燃烧和热流场的运动状态都会产生影响。遮挡通道侧开缝底部区域,会在一定程度上限制外界冷空气进入通道内,从而减弱通道内的火焰旋转程度,致使燃料燃尽的耗时更长,平均火焰高度降低,其影响程度随着燃料池增大而减弱;遮挡侧开缝底部区域后,造成通道内下部区域中心轴线处的温度降低,最大影响区域在50cm高度附近,而在150cm高度以上基本没有影响;平均火焰高度与燃料池直径之比的无量纲量H/Φ与Peclet数之间的比例系数近似为1.732,并且是否遮挡侧开缝底部区域对于两者之间比例关系的影响不大。     

2,5,6,9,10-Pentabromocyclododecanols (PBCDOHs): a new class of HBCD transformation products

Pentabromocyclododecanols (PBCDOHs) are potential environmental transformation products of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs). They are also potential stage one metabolites of biological HBCD transformations. Herein, we present analytical evidence that PBCDOHs are also constituents of technical HBCDs and flame-proofed polystyrenes (FP-PSs). PBCDOHs are possibly formed during the synthesis of technical HBCD, presumably during the bromination of cyclododecatrienes in aqueous isobutanol together with isobutoxypentabromocyclododecanes (iBPBCDs), which have been identified in these materials recently. Of the 64 stereoisomers possible, eight pairs of enantiomers, named α-, β-, γ-, δ-, ε-, ζ-, η-, and θ-PBCDOHs were separated with a combination of normal-, reversed- and chiral-phase LC. Crystal structure analysis revealed the stereochemistry of the α-PBCDOH pair of enantiomers, which was assigned to (1S,2S,5R,6S,9S,10R)-2,5,6,9,10-pentabromocyclododecanol and its enantiomer. Mass spectrometric data are in accordance with the expected isotope patterns. On a C₁₈-RP-column, the polar PBCDOHs eluted before the HBCD and iBPBCD classes of compounds. PBCDOHs were also found in FP-PS materials. The stereoisomer patterns varied considerably in these materials like those of HBCDs and iBPBCDs. Expanded polystyrenes were rich in late-eluting stereoisomers, similar to technical HBCD mixtures. Extruded polystyrenes contained more of the polar, faster-eluting isomers. The presented chromatographic and analytical methods allow a stereoisomer-specific search for PBCDOHs in biota samples, which might have experienced metabolic HBCD transformation reactions. Besides this potential source, it has to be recognized that PBCDOHs are by-products in technical HBCDs and in flame-proofed polystyrenes. Therefore, it is likely that PBCDOHs and iBPBCDs are released to the environment together with HBCD-containing plastic materials.     

Contamination and potential sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in water and sediment from the artificial Lake Shihwa, Korea

Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in water and sediment collected from the artificial Lake Shihwa and surrounding creeks. Total concentrations of 23 PBDE congeners in water and sediment ranged from 0.16 to 11.0 ng L⁻¹ and from 1.3 to 18 700 ng g⁻¹ dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of BDE 209 in water and sediment were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the total concentrations of other PBDE congeners. The concentrations of total PBDEs and BDE 209 in sediments were the highest compared to previously reported worldwide levels. The highest concentrations of PBDEs in water and sediments were found in creeks near industrial complexes. The PBDE concentrations gradually decreased with increasing distance from the creeks to the inshore and then offshore regions of the lake. BDE 209 was a major congener, accounting for 80% of the total PBDEs in water and sediment, consistent with a high consumption of deca-BDE for the brominated flame retardant market in Korea. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling ordination showed that surrounding creeks are major pathways of PBDE contamination associated with deca-BDE technical mixtures used in industrial complexes around Lake Shihwa. A significant correlation between total organic carbon and total PBDE concentration was found in sediments, and the correlation coefficients for individual PBDE congeners relatively increased from lower to higher brominated congeners.     

纳滤膜在垃圾渗滤液深度处理中应用

利用纳滤膜技术处理MBR二级处理后出水,研究纳滤膜在垃圾渗滤液应用中回收率及进出水COD变化情况。工程试验结果表明:当MBR出水COD小于800 mg/L～900 mg/L,纳滤膜出水COD小于100 mg/L;纳滤系统直通式运行回收率40%～50%;内循环式运行回收率75%～80%,浓缩段回收率9.3%～11.8%,总回收率80.4%～82.0%;根据膜面运行流速要求,进膜的流量需大于8 m3/h;进膜压力、进水流量和循环流量是影响膜通量大小的关键因素。