微胶囊化红磷增效氢氧化镁阻燃聚乙烯的燃烧特性

探讨了微胶囊化红磷（MRP）在氢氧化镁（MH）阻燃低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）中的阻燃增效作用,用氧指数和锥型量热计研究了MRP/MH的不同配比对其氧指数、热释放速率、发烟量等燃烧性能参数的影响。试验结果表明在LDPE/MH体系中添加适量的MRP可以有效地提高材料的氧指数,进一步降低材料的热释放速率,延长材料的着火时间,但是材料的发烟量有所增加。从热失重实验结果可以看出,在LDPE/MH体系中添加MRP不仅大大提高材料的初始分解温度,而且具有较好的成炭作用。     

北京东南郊大气中多环芳烃的沉降

对2005年3月─2006年1月北京市东南郊气相、总悬浮颗粒物(TSP)以及降尘样品中16种优控PAHs分析发现,降尘样品中2～3环PAHs组分占优势地位,其构成比例与TSP和气相样品差异较大;比较不同采样点、各季节的PAHs沉降速率,对样品中PAHs组分构成比例的特点给予解释,推断PAHs的沉降行为受气象条件、沉降点周围污染源强度以及下垫面性质等因素的影响;对PAHs月均沉降通量与ρ(PAHs)进行相关分析,建立PAHs月均沉降通量与TSP中PAHs总浓度之间的回归方程.      

厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床原理特征分析

从污泥床层流态、生化反应动力学、体系物相平衡角度分析了以循环为特征的厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床反应器的结构特点,基质代谢和酸碱平衡特征,进而得出:高面积(H /A)和回流比(R)是实现反应器较高上升流速的结构和运行指标;回流引起反应器基质代谢特征的变化,同时使反应器处理增强;厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床的运行方式对调解、平衡系统的碱度、pH值起着积极的作用。     

楔形障碍物与火焰的作用

采用多镜头Cranz ＆ Schardin高速摄影机,对卧式燃烧方管内楔形障碍物与CH4/空气预混火焰的相互作用进行了实验研究,获得了高清淅度的障碍物诱导火焰失稳的分幅时序照片.基于RANS方法,对上述复杂物理现象进行了数值模拟.计算结果与实验结果基本相符,反映了火焰在管内传播与变形的详细过程,得到了楔形障碍物所导致的火焰加速与变形的内在机理,揭示了火焰传播过程中由层流燃烧向湍流燃烧转捩的本质.     

2004年夏季太湖梅梁湾席状漂浮水华风力漂移入湾量计算

太湖北部重度水华暴发时,在夏季盛行风推动下,漂浮的席状水华可由大太湖漂移进入位于太湖北部的梅梁湾,使湾内的水华加剧.本文通过室内风箱水槽实验和野外观测,对水华的风力漂移作了定量研究,建立了风速与水华漂移速度的指数相关方程.并据此对2004年夏季太湖北部发生席状水华的6d分别计算了水华风力漂移入湾量.6d中,只有2004-07-31水华漂移是由湾内向大太湖输出,且量很小,只有0.05 km²;其余5d水华漂移进入梅梁湾的面积占整个梅梁湾面积的3.7%～13.3%,进入量最大的是2004-06-11,达17.4km²,最少的是2004-07-30,为4.8 km².     

Analysis of the Effect of the Beavers‐Joseph Interface Condition on Flow in Karst Conduits1

Li, Guangquan, Yuan Cheng, and Bei Zhao, 2012. Analysis of the Effect of the Beavers‐Joseph Interface Condition on Flow in Karst Conduits. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1‐8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2012.00683.x Abstract: In this study, we derive an approximate analytic solution for the distribution of flow velocity in a cylindrical conduit and the surrounding media, and analyze the effect of differing parameters (e.g., conduit radius) on the velocity of conduit flow. The solution is then employed to estimate the thickness of the boundary layer inside the media. The results reveal that when conduit radius is large, the Beavers‐Joseph condition has only a minor effect on the velocity of conduit flow (such that the nonslip condition on the conduit wall still works pretty well), and the boundary layer is so thin that the wall can still be treated as the interface between fast water in the conduit and slow water in the media. The solution indicates that the velocity of conduit flow is the superposition of the velocity profile in the nonslip situation onto the slip velocity on the wall. Our study theoretically shows that the coupled continuum pipe flow model in MODFLOW‐2005 constructed by the U.S. Geological Survey is reasonable in that there is no need to consider the Beavers‐Joseph condition when simulating flow in karst conduits. The role of the boundary layer in transport and its effect on the hyporheic zone is not clear, which is a suitable topic for future study.     

塑胶跑道中有机磷酸酯的含量及健康风险

采用超声萃取-层析净化-气相色谱/质谱联用仪定量分析塑胶跑道中7种有机磷酸酯(OPEs),方法回收率为71.41%~110.58%,标准曲线相关系数r0.99,质控良好.采集并分析了成都市12个学校内的塑胶跑道样品中OPEs的含量及分布.结果表明2/3学校内的塑胶跑道样品中检出了OPEs,其中磷酸三正丁酯[tri-n-butyl phosphate,TnBP]、磷酸三异辛酯[tris(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate,TEHP]的检出率较高,而磷酸三(2-氯乙基)酯[tri(2-chloroethyl)phosphate,TCEP]、磷酸三(1,3-二氯异丙基)酯[tridichloropropyl phosphate,TDCPP]、磷酸三苯酯[triphenyl Phosphate,TPh P]在所有样品中均未检测到.Σ7OPEs含量范围为ND~534.89 ng·g~(-1),其中单体含量最高的是TnBP(ND~462.18 ng·g~(-1)).一个样品中检出了毒性较大的氯代磷酸酯-TCPP[trichloropropyl phosphate],含量为205.94 ng·g~(-1).成人和儿童通过皮肤接触摄入的Σ7OPEs日均暴露剂量(以bw计)最高,分别为0.14 ng·(kg·d)~(-1)和0.64 ng·(kg·d)~(-1),儿童的日均暴露剂量明显高于成人.成人及儿童的风险熵值(RQ)为10~(-7)~10~(-5).建议政府对塑胶跑道中OPEs使用量及添加种类进行管控,以更好地保护人群健康.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

1961~2019年黄河流域大气自净能力指数变化特征分析

利用2015~2019年环境空气质量监测数据和黄河流域73个站点1961~2019年的气象观测资料,对11个站点的大气自净能力指数的适用性及其与环境空气质量之间的关联性进行了验证,并分析了黄河流域大气自净能力指数的时空变化特征及影响因子.结果表明,1961~2019年黄河流域大气自净能力指数整体呈下降趋势,下降速率为每10a下降0.18t/（d×km²）,平均值为4.44t/（d×km²）,且在1969年达到最大值,为5.32t/（d×km²）,2011年达到最小值,为3.81t/（d×km²）;黄河流域73个站点中有64个站点大气自净能力指数呈下降趋势,50个站点呈显著和极显著下降趋势.从年内变化看出,黄河流域大气自净能力指数最高值出现在4月,为5.30t/（d×km²）,最低值出现在1月,为3.48t/（d×km²）.在年空间分布上,黄河流域大气自净能力指数分布以青海西南部,山东、四川大部分地区,内蒙古、宁夏以及甘肃少部分地区,陕西西安,山西的五寨和右玉等大气自净能力较好,大气自净能力指数在4.69~7.18t/（d×km²）,其余地区大气自净能力相对较差.影响因子中,混合层高度与大气自净能力指数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.63（n=4307）;小风日数与大气自净能力指数呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.78（n=4307）,日平均风速³2.5m/s的日数及日平均风速³5.5m/s的日数与大气自净能力指数均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.78和0.55（n=4307）;降水日数与大气自净能力指数呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.18（n=4307）,中雨及以上日数与大气自净能力指数呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.03（n=4307）,黄河流域小雨对大气自净能力的影响明显高于中雨.逐步回归分析显示,大气自净能力指数主要受日平均风速³2.5m/s的日数、降水日数和混合层高度的综合影响,其中,日平均风速³2.5m/s的日数对大气自净能力指数的贡献率最大,其贡献为正.     

Influence of MBBR carrier geometrical properties and biofilm thickness restraint on biofilm properties, effluent particle size distribution, settling velocity distribution, and settling behaviour

The relatively poor settling characteristics of particles produced in moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) outline the importance of developing a fundamental understanding of the characterization and settleability of MBBR-produced solids. The influence of carrier geometric properties and different levels of biofilm thickness on biofilm characteristics, solids production, particle size distribution (PSD), and particle settling velocity distribution (PSVD) is evaluated in this study. The analytical ViCAs method is applied to the MBBR effluent to assess the distribution of particle settling velocities. This method is combined with microscopy imaging to relate particle size distribution to settling velocity. Three conventionally loaded MBBR systems are studied at a similar loading rate of 6.0 g/(m² •day) and with different carrier types. The AnoxK™ K5 carrier, a commonly used carrier, is compared to so-called thickness-restraint carriers, AnoxK™ Z-carriers that are newly designed carriers to limit the biofilm thickness. Moreover, two levels of biofilm thickness, 200 μm and 400 μm, are studied using AnoxK™ Z-200 and Z-400 carriers. Statistical analysis confirms that K5 carriers demonstrated a significantly different biofilm mass, thickness, and density, in addition to distinct trends in PSD and PSVD in comparison with Z-carriers. However, in comparison of thickness-restraint carriers, Z-200 carrier results did not vary significantly compared to the Z-400 carrier. The K5 carriers showed the lowest production of suspended solids (0.7 ± 0.3 g-TSS/day), thickest biofilm (281.1 ± 8.7 µm) and lowest biofilm density (65.0 ± 1.5 kg/m³). The K5 effluent solids also showed enhanced settling behaviour, consisting of larger particles with faster settling velocities.