双火源对隧道火灾临界风速影响的数值研究

为研究双火源隧道火灾所需临界风速的变化规律,利用火灾动力学软件FDS模拟了三种双火源隧道火灾,即两等火源功率的火灾、上风流火源功率较大火灾、上风流火源功率较小火灾。根据各火灾情景下所得临界风速u_(cr),分析两火源距离d、火源功率、上下风流位置关系对临界风速u_(cr)的影响规律。结果表明:随着两火源距离d的增加,所需临界风速u_(cr)逐渐减小,当两者达到临界距离d_x时,临界风速u_(cr)为稳定值,该值由两火源上下风流位置关系和总火源功率共同决定;同种双火源火灾随着总火源功率增大,所需的临界风速u_(cr)增大;随着两火源间距离d增大,各双火源火灾所需临界风速u_(cr)的减小幅度不同;两火源距离d为零时,所需临界风速u_(cr)略大于同火源功率的单火源火灾所需的临界风速。     

磁场对扩散火焰特性的影响

通过磁场对扩散火焰特性影响的研究，可以发现磁场能够改变火焰的燃烧特性，使火焰的温度升高，而火焰的高度有所降低。这能使我们更精确地了解实际火灾过程中火焰的燃烧特性，掌握火灾的特点，为减灾和灭灾提供有益的参考。     

Behavior of flames propagating through lycopodium dust clouds in a vertical duct

The structure of flame propagating through lycopodium dust clouds has been investigated experimentally. Upward propagating laminar flames in a vertical duct of 1800 mm height and 150×150 mm square cross-section are observed, and the leading flame front is also visualized using by a high-speed video camera. Although the dust concentration decreases slightly along the height of duct, the leading flame edge propagates upwards at a constant velocity. The maximum upward propagating velocity is 0.50 m/s at a dust concentration of 170 g/m³. Behind the upward propagating flame, some downward propagating flames are also observed. Despite the employment of nearly equal sized particles and its good dispersability and flowability, the reaction zone in lycopodium particles cloud shows the double flame structure in which isolated individual burning particles (0.5–1.0 mm in diameter) and the ball-shaped flames (2–4 mm in diameter; the combustion time of 4–6 ms) surrounding several particles are included. The ball-shaped flame appears as a faint flame in which several luminous spots are distributed, and then it turns into a luminous flame before disappearance. In order to distinguish these ball-shaped flames from others with some exceptions for merged flames, they are defined as independent flames in this study. The flame thickness in a lycopodium dust flame is observed to be 20 mm, about several orders of magnitude higher than that of a premixed gaseous flame. From the microscopic visualization, it was found that the flame front propagating through lycopodium particles is discontinuous and not smooth.     

水雾作用下气体爆炸火焰传播的实验研究

利用自行设计的全程透明的火焰加速管和水喷雾系统，对不同水雾条件下的气体火焰传播现象进行了实验研究。运用光电传感器与数字摄像技术分析了不同浓度的甲烷在不同水雾条件下的火焰传播速度、火焰阵面轨迹以及火焰结构特性，并通过对传播火焰反应区温度的测量，探讨了水雾抑制气体爆炸火焰传播的内在机理及所需的条件。实验结果表明：由于水雾作用于火焰反应区，降低了火焰反应区内的温度和气体燃烧速度，延长火焰阵面的预热区，减缓火焰阵面传热与传质的进行，从而使传播火焰得以抑制。水雾对气体爆炸火焰传播的抑制效果与水雾流量速度、雾区浓度以及火焰到达水雾区的火焰传播速度有关。     

近期长江口南支河道洪季含沙量时间变化及床沙再悬浮研究

基于2011年洪季在南支河道从小潮至大潮连续8天现场定点观测所获得水沙观测数据(包括潮流、悬沙浓度、悬沙粒度和表层沉积物样品),通过对悬沙浓度、悬沙粒度和沉积物在不同时刻的组成分析,以及流速、悬沙和底床切应力的相互影响分析,对长江河口南支河道悬沙随时间变化特性和河床沙再悬浮作用进行了研究。结果表明:观测期间南支主槽下段落潮水动力强于涨潮;落潮悬沙浓度高于涨潮,并由小潮至大潮逐渐增加;落潮悬沙粒径粗于涨潮,并随小潮至大潮不断粗化;河床沉积物颗粒较粗,细砂类组成达到90%以上;流速、悬沙及底床切应力之间存在显著相关性;河床泥沙再悬浮强度较强,其量值有限。而近期研究区域悬沙浓度和水沙关系发生变化,与流域来沙出现锐减有关。     

浮顶油罐密封圈油气分布数值模拟

浮顶油罐一二次密封空间内的油气在雷击作用下可导致起火事故。为研究浮顶油罐一二次密封空间内的油气浓度影响因素,利用CFD方法进行了数值模拟,并建立了浮顶油罐实验模型,检测一二次密封空间内不同位置处的油气体积分数,两者表征的油气浓度情况较吻合;借助该模拟方法进一步分析温度、风速和二次密封泄漏面积对浮顶油罐一二次密封空间内的油气浓度的影响,研究结果表明:①二次密封泄漏面积增加,密封空间内的油气浓度降低。②温度上升,一二次密封空间的油气浓度升高;当风速较高时,温度对油气浓度变化趋势的影响也更大。③风速增加时,空间内的油气分布差异变大,油气浓度最大值变大。     

Formation of 2,3,7,8‐tetrabromodibenzodioxin and ‐furan by thermolysis of polymers containing brominated flame retardants

Several plastic products which are used in areas exposed to fire hazards contain flame retardants. A group of important flame retardants are brominated aromatic compounds, and it is believed that they thermally generate polybrominated dibenzodioxins (PBrDD) and dibenzofurans (PBrDF).

The formation of 2,3,7,8‐Tetrabromodibenzodioxin (TBrDD) and ‐Tetrabromodibenzofuran (TBrDF) from various plastics with brominated flame retardants under different thermolysis conditions is presented. At 600 °C, 2,3,7,8‐TBrDD and ‐TBrDF in concentrations of 0.01–7 and 0.01–6 ppm, respectively, are formed from plastics containing decabromodiphenylether or polybromodiphenylether as flame retardant. With increasing temperature the concentration of these isomers decreases until they are no longer detectable above 800 °C (detection limit: 0.01 ppm).

The hypothetical reaction pathways for the formation of 2,3,7,8‐TBrDD and ‐TBrDF by thermolysis of decabromodiphenylether are proposed.

The solubility and photochemical properties of 2,3,7,8‐TBrDD in different solvents are given.     

锚固系统与锚固介质材料中应力波波速的关系

应用低应变反射波法对锚杆锚固系统进行无损检测时,常因锚杆底端反射很微弱而影响锚固系统中应力波波速的准确确定,导致锚固质量无法准确判读,为此,采用低应变反射波法测试了不同围岩和锚固介质中的锚固系统应力波波速,并与采用超声波法测试的由锚固介质材料所制作标准试块中的应力波波速进行对比分析。结果表明,这2种波速与锚固介质材料强度密切相关;锚固系统中的应力波波速介于锚固介质材料与自由锚杆中的应力波波速之间,锚固系统中的应力波波速和锚杆介质材料中的应力波波速随龄期和强度均呈指数关系变化且对称分布。     

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of cadmium(II) for preconcentration prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection in water

A dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure for cadmium(II) as its 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylamino-phenol chelate is presented. Carbon tetrachloride and methanol were used as extraction and dispersive solvents, respectively. After phase separation, the preconcentrated-separated cadmium(II) is determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with a microinjection technique. The factors which affected the extraction efficiency, i.e. the pH of the sample solution and the volumes of reagent and sample were investigated. The effects of some alkali, alkali earth, and transition metal ions, and of some anions on the recovery of cadmium were also studied. A preconcentration factor of 250 was obtained for a sample volume of 50?mL under optimum conditions. The method was validated by analysis of certified reference materials and applied to some water samples from Turkey.     

Assessment of lead and cadmium residues in farmed fish in Machakos and Kiambu counties,Kenya

Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) concentrations were determined in muscle, gonad, liver and brain of tilapia fish caught from fish ponds in Machakos and Kiambu counties in Kenya. A total of 217 fish samples were randomly sampled from the two counties. Acid digestion method and atomic absorption spectrophotometer were used for analysis. Heavy metal concentrations varied significantly depending on the type of tissue analyzed. Generally, the highest concentration of Pb was detected in brain and the liver. Fish organs contained Pb in the following order: brain > liver > muscle > gonad, while Cd followed the order: brain > liver > gonad > muscle. Kiambu county recorded higher concentration of the studied heavy metals compared to Machakos county although statistically there was no difference. Lead and Cd content in both counties studied exceeded the maximum allowable limit. The study recommended controlling industrial and agricultural effluents into surface water and proper sitting of ponds to minimize the risk of contamination of farmed fish by heavy metals.