基于低浓度瓦斯利用的换热器设计及数值分析*

为提高低浓度瓦斯利用效率,对螺旋式、列管式、翅片式3种换热方式进行参数化研究,探讨不同形状换热方式对预热效果的影响,并通过改变流速和温度研究螺旋管换热效果。结果表明:螺旋管换热效果相对最佳,并在vh=0.9 m/s,vc=2.0 m/s时换热温度相对最高。同时,随换热温度升高,出口温度逐渐升高,随速率增加,出口温度先升高后降低。通过研究换热器形状对换热效果的影响,优化换热方式设计,为低浓度瓦斯高效利用提供理论依据。     

大气环境影响评价中典型气象日的确定及其应用

对某地区多年气象资料进行统计和分析,给出大气环境影响评价中典型气象日的确定方法。结合高架点源影响浓度的实例计算,可以方便地得到典型气象日条件下大气污染物的日平均浓度分布情况,能够更为真实地反映该地区的实际气象条件对大气污染物分布浓度的影响情况。     

汶川地震盆地效应的思考与建议

通过实地考察及资料搜集,统计分析了汶川地震中地貌以及局部场地条件对震害的影响。根据受灾城市所在地理位置的不同,将城市分为盆地内部(成都)、盆地边缘(都江堰、绵竹、江油、什邡)、盆地外部(北川)3类,分别统计了震害情况,分析了震害原因。发现在这次地震中盆地效应尤其明显,盆地边缘震害比较严重;盆地中部震害较轻;山区的震害比平原的严重,尤其是在两个距离比较近的山体之间的地区,除了地震灾害之外,滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害也很严重。最后对建筑抗震设计提出了几点建议。     

强震记录中速度大脉冲模拟及其对反应谱的影响

在近断层地震中,具有速度大脉冲的强震动对建筑物的影响较大。为了描述速度大脉冲,Makris和Roussos提出了由简单连续函数构成的模型,该模型参数较少、形式简单,用来描述实际地震记录中的速度脉冲大多取得较好的效果,但还是有一些记录模拟的结果会出现"丢失"现象,存在一些缺陷。针对此问题,本文提出了2个改进的方法——组合法和镜像法,用来扩展Makris和Roussos模型的适用范围,使其具有更好的适应性。     

圆柱型燃烧器内甲烷燃烧转化率数值研究

甲烷燃烧具有环境污染小、放热量大等优点,但甲烷燃烧转化率受很多因素影响,因此,研究甲烷燃烧过程的转化率就显得尤为重要。基于计算流体力学中的涡耗散模型,运用有限容积法建立甲烷和空气非预混燃烧与扩散数学模型。针对具有3个小挡板,一个喷嘴的圆柱型燃烧器进行数值研究。结论:随着不同入口空气速度的逐渐增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应不充分,在轴向距离2 m处,反应生成的水和二氧化碳的含量逐渐减少,然而氧气增多,甲烷燃烧的转化率变低;随着不同入口甲烷速度的逐渐增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应充分,转化率变高;随着不同入口甲烷温度的增加,氧气浓度增加,甲烷-空气非预混燃烧反应不充分,转化率降低。     

Concentrations of carbon monoxide and methane at two heights above a grass field and their deposition onto the field

To investigate whether wind is a significant driving force in the diffusion of CO and CH₄ from the atmosphere into soil, we measured the concentrations of these two gases at two heights above a temperate grass field in Japan and estimated their deposition velocities using micrometeorological techniques. The concentrations were inversely correlated with wind speed, indicating that the local concentrations were influenced by ground sources. The CO and CH₄ concentrations at 0.33 m were usually lower than those at 1.3 m. Although nocturnal data are suspected to be non-stationary, by selecting several periods when the changes of the concentrations were small but larger than analytical precision, we obtained a CO velocity of 2.9 and 3.9×10⁻² cms⁻¹, agreeing with a CO deposition velocity, 3.4×10⁻² cms⁻¹, obtained by applying a method using CO₂ as a tracer. The CH₄ influx obtained by the method using CO₂ as a tracer was 13 ngm⁻² s⁻¹. The ranges of the CO deposition velocity and CH₄ influx were similar to those obtained in previous studies in grassfields and in a nearby arable field using a closed-chamber technique. This shows that light winds do not greatly accelerate CO and CH₄ uptake by soil.     

灰色神经网络模型在油气管道腐蚀速度预测中的应用

简要说明了GM(1,1)模型和BP神经网络模型预测过程,提出了灰色神经网络组合模型,用此方法对某原油长输管道腐蚀速度进行了预测,并用MatLab语言编程的方法对数据做了处理,结果表明用该方法预测得到的数据与实测值非常接近。     

细水雾抑制熄灭书架火的模拟实验研究

细水雾灭火系统被建议用于保护对水敏感的环境,例如图书馆的珍稀图书收藏室。该文通过实验研究了细水雾控制与扑灭图书库火灾的可能性;论述了确定细水雾应用在图书库火灾防治中的局限性;得到了细水雾的灭火效率与书架火的点火位置以及火源的尺寸(功率)之间的关系,并作出了相应的解释。     

Experimental investigation on explosion flame propagation of wood dust in a semi-closed tube

In order to explore flame propagation characteristics during wood dust explosions in a semi-closed tube, a high-speed camera, a thermal infrared imaging device and a pressure sensor were used in the study. Poplar dusts with different particle size distributions (0–50, 50–96 and 96–180 μm) were respectively placed in a Hartmann tube to mimic dust cloud explosions, and flame propagation behaviors such as flame propagation velocity, flame temperature and explosion pressure were detected and analyzed. According to the changes of flame shapes, flame propagations in wood dust explosions were divided into three stages including ignition, vertical propagation and free diffusion. Flame propagations for the two smaller particles were dominated by homogeneous combustion, while flame propagation for the largest particles was controlled by heterogeneous combustion, which had been confirmed by individual Damköhler number. All flame propagation velocities for different groups of wood particles in dust explosions were increased at first and then decreased with the augmentation of mass concentration. Flame temperatures and explosion pressures were almost similarly changed. Dust explosions in 50–96 μm wood particles were more intense than in the other two particles, of which the most severe explosion appeared at a mass concentration of 750 g/m³. Meanwhile, flame propagation velocity, flame propagation temperature and explosion pressure reached to the maximum values of 10.45 m/s, 1373 °C and 0.41 MPa. In addition, sensitive concentrations corresponding to the three groups of particles from small to large were 500, 750 and 1000 g/m³, separately, indicating that sensitive concentration in dust explosions of wood particles was elevated with the increase of particle size. Taken together, the finding demonstrated that particle size and mass concentration of wood dusts affected the occurrence and severity of dust explosions, which could provide guidance and reference for the identification, assessment and industrial safety management of wood dust explosions.     

通风状况对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性影响

设计小尺寸实验平台,研究不同通风管道风速对乳胶泡沫材料燃烧特性的影响。在不同风速条件下进行实验,获得材料表面温度分布、质量损失速率、火焰高度和火蔓延速率等特性参数。实验结果表明,在管道风速为0,1.5,3,4.5,6 m/s时,平均火焰蔓延速率分别为0.24,0.20,0.23,0.25,0.24 cm/s,最大质量损失速率分别为2.80,2.26,2.65,3.18,3.63 g/s。在有风条件下,随着风速的增加,火焰燃烧过程变得更加剧烈,最大质量损失率变大。实验样品的燃烧过程可以分为3个阶段:初始生长、完全燃烧和熄灭。最大火焰高度发生在燃烧过程的第2阶段,不同管道风速下的最大火焰高度分别为96.39,72.83,90.68,94.96,95.32 cm。