三通管支管位置对爆炸火焰传播影响分析*

为研究分支管道位置对丙烷爆炸火焰传播的影响规律,通过多组数值模拟与已有实验数据对比,分析不同工况下三通管内火焰传播形态变化特征及温度变化。结果表明:向右传播的爆炸气流在支管左侧形成湍流旋涡,火焰受到拖拽及壁面制约,贴支管右侧壁面呈尖刀状传播;封闭管道中,火焰传播受主管道高速前驱压力波回波影响更显著,垂直支管中火焰与高温风险更大;实验支管位置距离点火源5.6 m时岔口处监测点温度高达2 214.08 K,支管位置增加至5.71 m时,支管处湍流旋涡拖拽火焰,使火焰出现中断,支管移至5.825 m后高温火焰无法传播至支管口,支管中的爆炸风险显著降低。研究结果为工业生产三通管支管位置的选择和支管内二次爆炸风险预测提供科学参考。     

长径比对管道油气爆炸特性与火焰传播规律影响研究*

为了探究长径比对油气爆炸传播特性与火焰传播规律的影响,为复杂管道受限空间油气爆炸防控提供理论参考,结合油气爆炸与爆炸抑制工程实际需要,构建不同长径比管道油气爆炸模拟实验系统,在此基础上开展不同初始浓度的预混油气-空气混合气爆炸实验。研究结果表明:管道内部的预混油气爆炸超压信号呈先上升后下降的趋势,由于耗散以及憋压效应导致超压下降平稳后仍大于初始压力;同时长径比增加会导致达到最大爆炸超压的油气浓度增加,油气爆炸超压峰值随着长径比的增加呈现上升→下降→上升的规律,小长径比管道的油气爆炸超压峰值高于大长径比管道,但同为小长径比管道或大长径比管道工况的实验结果对比显示爆炸超压峰值随着长径比增加而提升;而超压上升速率则会随着长径比的增加而上升;长径比的增加同时也会促进火焰的加速传播并减小火焰持续时间。     

装置进气口宽度对不同尺寸油盘火旋风燃烧特性影响的研究

为探究进气口宽度对火旋风燃烧特性的影响,利用自然驱动的四面边墙夹缝式装置对不同进气口宽度使用１５０,２００,２５０ mm 3种直径进行实验研究。由燃料质量随时间变化曲线得出准稳态阶段火旋风的质量燃烧速率;利用摄像机记录火焰的连续图像并获得火焰高度。结果表明:针对实验室小型火旋风（150~250 mm）,在进气口宽度为35 mm左右时,火旋风的燃烧速率最大,即火旋风的燃烧强度存在1个最佳的进气口宽度;当火焰高度达到最高时,环量也存在1个临界值。     

铁路振动对历史城墙影响的测试分析

铁路列车运行对周围建筑产生振动影响,古建筑对振动更为敏感。为比较不同控制点位置及方向的振动响应,以某历史城墙为保护目标,基于《古建筑防工业振动技术规范》分析铁路振动对城墙的影响,得出水平方向振动速度对古建筑更不利,古建筑顶部水平振动大于底部水平振动;铁路引起的古建筑的水平振动中,垂直于铁路线方向是主要贡献量,并显著大于平行于铁路线方向。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法同时分析沉积物中6种溴代阻燃剂

利用超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱建立了沉积物中6种溴代阻燃剂的分析方法,同时进行了采样分析。以正己烷-二氯甲烷(体积比1∶9)为萃取剂,在100℃下用加速溶剂萃取仪提取沉积物样品,循环3次。萃取液浓缩至2.0 m L,转移至净化柱,用150 m L正己烷-二氯甲烷(体积比1∶2)淋洗。将淋洗液浓缩至近干,加入内标物,定容至1 m L后,用液相色谱-三重四极杆准确定量。方法干重检出限为0.01～0.1 ng/g;替代标回收率为75.6%～98.9%,相对标准偏差为12.0%～13.0%;目标物回收率为70.5%～99.2%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～17.0%。研究区域水体沉积物中的三(2,3-二溴丙基)异氰脲酸酯浓度为未检出～0.14 ng/g,(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)-1,3,5-三嗪浓度为未检出～0.14 ng/g,十溴二苯醚浓度为0.81～4.36 ng/g,六溴苯浓度为未检出～0.08 ng/g,表明沉积物中新型溴代阻燃剂浓度处于较低水平。     

十字平交通道不同排烟模式烟控效果的数值模拟研究

十字平交通道是主、辅通道在中间位置十字相交的一种较为少见的城市道路形式,火灾情况下烟气运动和通风排烟策略不同于常规意义上的公路隧道。采用FDS模拟软件研究辅通道三种通风排烟模式的烟控效果,综合考虑不同火灾规模、射流风机位置、射流形式等的影响作用。结果表明:辅通道单侧射流、两侧同向射流和两侧相向射流作用均存在最小临界风速。火灾规模为0 MW~30 MW,最小临界风速值随火灾规模变化关系为:Y=Y0+bX。两侧相向射流对应最小临界风速最大,烟气层结构破坏严重,火场温降效果最差;单侧射流和两侧同向射流对应的最小临界风速值较小且差别不大,结合工程实际情况,考虑单侧风机射流模式为较合理优化的烟控方式。     

New method for harvesting energy from fluid flow based on undulatory motion

In nature, fish have gained wonderful swimming ability over the thousands of years of evolution. As the fish swims, its body, namely, it’s dorsal or tail fin undulates and then alternating waves are sent down the body towards the tip of the tail. These waves generate a jet in the wake and hence a forward force, namely thrust. Scientific studies have already shown that undulatory swimming is a highly effective means of continuous locomotion and has been successfully adopted in many kinds of robotic fishes currently being developed. However, our latest research found that if wave velocity that defines the undulatory motion of the body or the ‘fin’ is less than a specific value, the fishlike body with undulatory motion also has the capability to harvest kinetic energy from flowing fluid. This finding proposes a new energy-harvesting concept which could offer a new and promising solution to support the long-distance voyage of a biomimetic robotic fish.     

Blood clinical-chemical parameters and feeding history in growing Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) chicks exposed to Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and Dechlorane Plus in ovo

Blood clinical-chemical parameters (BCCPs) are used to investigate physiological consequences attributed to exposure to anthropogenic stressors, such as exposure to Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and Dechlorane Plus (DP), which are flame retardants (FRs), on avian health. Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were used as a model species to investigate individual and mixture effects of both FRs by injecting different concentrations (5, 50, or 500 ng/µL) of either of these compounds as well as a 1:1 mixture of both into fertilized eggs. To estimate post-hatching effects, 18 BCCPs were evaluated from 101 chicks at day 14. Albumin levels were found to be significantly elevated in the groups exposed to high doses of TDCIPP alone as well as a mixture of TDCIPP and DP. However, during the course of the study, the initial corn-based feed had to be substituted by a fishmeal-based feed. The 8 days consuming the new feed played a significant role on 12 of 18 BCCPs measured. Consequently, it is recommended that dietary habits need to be considered when investigating the physiological impact of contaminants using BCCPs as biomarkers in growing nestlings both in controlled in vivo and field experiments.     

沙尘天气发生频率对大气能见度方差的影响研究:以北京及其沙尘过往路径典型站点为例

利用1971～2000年北京及其沙尘过往路径典型站点日能见度和各种沙尘天气发生日资料,分析了沙尘天气发生频率与能见度方差的关系.发现当沙尘天气频率减少(增加)1次时,能见度方差就偏强(偏弱)1个标准差.沙尘天气发生频率对日能见度变率的影响主要是通过风速的高频变率实现的,当风速变率偏强(偏弱)1个标准差时,沙尘天气发生频率增强(减弱)约30%,近地面风场的高频变率影响了沙尘天气的产生,从而影响日能见度方差的波动.异常低能见度事件(日能见度距平<-2σ,σ为各站各日能见度距平的标准差)频次与能见度方差之间存在显著的正相关性.风速距平频次增加,使得沙尘天气发生频次增加,从而导致低能见度事件频次上升;反之,异常低能见度事件下降.浮尘、沙尘暴和扬沙与低能见度事件的相关程度是不同的.     

寻求湿度系数与风速关系的数学表达式

在中央气象局编制的《湿度查算表》和GB6999-86《环境试验用相对湿度查算表》的基础上,用最小二乘法与搜索法寻求湿度系数A与风速V关系的数学表达式,提出了湿度系数A适用风速V的参照表,这对提高相对湿度的测量准确度有一定帮助。