风幕阻止飞机喷漆厂房内可燃气体扩散的数值模拟

应用FLUENT软件中的大涡模拟模型对飞机喷漆厂房内风幕的有效性进行了研究。以某一飞机喷漆厂房内的局部为原型构建网格模型,针对若干种工况,对甲苯蒸气的扩散过程进行了数值模拟,主要研究了甲苯量和风幕速度对甲苯扩散的影响规律。对计算结果进行分析,得到了不同工况下能有效阻止甲苯扩散的临界风幕速度,研究表明在飞机喷漆厂房内设置风幕,只要风幕速度不低于该种工况下的临界风幕速度,就可有效阻止甲苯扩散,降低厂房内可燃气体的爆炸危险性。     

基于绝热火焰温度混合气体爆炸下限的预测

准确地预测可燃混合气体的爆炸极限,对防止工业生产中时有发生的混合气体爆炸事故有着重大的意义。通过采用Gaseq软件计算CH4,C3H8,C2H4,C3H6,CH3OCH3和CO的绝热火焰温度(CAFT),分析初始温度对甲烷和丙烷混合气体(体积比1∶1)爆炸下限(LEL)的影响。结果表明:随着初始温度的升高,临界火焰温度基本不变,而LEL线性下降。使用计算绝热火焰温度法对不同比例的二元混合气体(体积比1∶1,3∶1,1∶3)以及三元混合气体(体积比1∶1∶1)的LEL进行预测,在选取的35组不同组份的混合气体中,LEL的预测值与文献值的平均绝对误差为0.081 8,平均相对误差为0.02。     

Spatial and seasonal variability of CO2 flux at the air-water interface of the Three Gorges Reservoir

Difusive carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions from the water surface of the Three Gorges Reservoir, currently the largest hydroelectric reservoir in the world, were measured using floating static chambers over the course of a yearlong survey. The results showed that the average annual CO2 flux was(163.3 ± 117.4) mg CO2/(m2·hr) at the reservoir surface, which was larger than the CO2 flux in most boreal and temperate reservoirs but lower than that in tropical reservoirs. Significant spatial variations in CO2 flux were observed at four measured sites, with the largest flux measured at Wushan(221.9 mg CO2/(m2·hr)) and the smallest flux measured at Zigui(88.6 mg CO2/(m2·hr)); these diferences were probably related to the average water velocities at diferent sites. Seasonal variations in CO2 flux were also observed at four sites, starting to increase in January, continuously rising until peaking in the summer(June-August) and gradually decreasing thereafter. Seasonal variations in CO2 flux could reflect seasonal dynamics in pH, water velocity,and temperature. Since the spatial and temporal variations in CO2 flux were significant and dependent on multiple physical, chemical,and hydrological factors, it is suggested that long-term measurements should be made on a large spatial scale to assess the climatic influence of hydropower in China, as well as the rest of the world.     

Effect of mass fraction of long flame coal on swelling pressure and microstructures of cokes

Long flame coal are abundant and widely distributed in China, but the resource utilization is quite low, the production efficiency is not high. Stamp-charging coke making technology can bend some long flame coal, which can reduce production cost and expand the coking coal resources. The long flame coal of different mass fraction is added into prime coking coal including fat coal from Longhu, 1/3 coking coal from Xinjian and coking coal from Didao in experiment. The swelling pressure is tested on-line detection using pressure sensor in coke making process, and the pores are observed by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that, the swelling pressure first increase and then decrease with the temperature increased and the maximum swelling pressure reduces gradually with mass fraction of the Long flame coal from Shenmu increased in coke making process. The SEM images of resultant coke display that the coke get more and more loose and the amount of pores is increased with mass fraction of the long flame coal from Shenmu increased. The amount pores and the pore diameter both is minimum for coking coal from Didao as prime coking coal under the same fraction of long flame coal.     

火焰原子吸收法测定ERA土壤标样中铜的不确定度评定研究

采用密封高压消解法,参照GB／T17138-1997规定的步骤,对编号为D075-540的ERA能力验证土壤样品中铜的含量进行测定,开展对影响测定结果的各不确定度进行分析,归纳提出了影响土壤样品中铜测量不确定度的主要因素和不确定度分量的主要来源,并给出了相对标准不确定度分量,得出了该铜土壤标准样品测量不确定度的评定结果：扩展不确定度为U=3mg／L。结论：评定程序和方法符合技术规范要求,操作简便、结果可靠,有较高的应用价值。     

狭长空间建筑内细水雾幕对顶棚射流火焰抑制效果试验研究*

为研究狭长空间内细水雾幕对顶棚射流火焰的抑制效果,通过全尺寸试验研究不同工作压力对射流火焰蔓延形态、雾幕隔热效果及烟气沉降的影响。研究结果表明:随着工作压力的增加,雾滴的动量随之增大,雾幕对射流火焰的扰动作用增强,强化雾幕对射流火焰的阻挡效果;同时,雾幕的隔热效率有明显改善,2.5 MPa时的细水雾幕的隔热效率可达0.75。然而,过大的工作压力会造成烟气层的沉降,工作压力大于2.0 MPa时保护区内烟气层高度低于1.8 m。因此,应综合考虑细水雾幕对射流火焰和烟气的作用,选择适当的工作压力。     

振动信号的全频带三参量测量

目的解决振动信号的加速度、速度、位移三参量全频带测量问题。方法提出一种由振动加速度信号、位移信号生成全频带位移、速度、加速度信号的方法,对实测位移信号微分并低通滤波,对实测加速度信号积分并高通滤波,然后两者相加,得到全频段的加速度、速度、位移信号,所用的微分、积分、滤波都是用离散传函表示。结果不论是正弦振动还是随机振动,生成的位移、速度、加速度信号与正确的位移、速度、加速度信号一致。结论该方法可以由实测位移信号、加速度信号实时生成全频带三参量信号。     

The presence and partitioning behavior of flame retardants in waste, leachate, and air particles from Norwegian waste-handling facilities

Flame retardants in commercial products eventually make their way into the waste stream.Herein the presence of flame retardants in Norwegian landfills, incineration facilities and recycling sorting/defragmenting facilities is investigated. These facilities handled waste electrical and electronic equipment(WEEE), vehicles, digestate, glass, combustibles, bottom ash and fly ash. The flame retardants considered included polybrominated diphenyl ethers(∑BDE-10) as well as dechlorane plus, polybrominated biphenyls, hexabromobenzene,pentabromotoluene and pentabromoethylbenzene(collectively referred to as ∑FR-7). Plastic,WEEE and vehicles contained the largest amount of flame retardants(∑BDE-10: 45,000–210,000 μg/kg; ∑FR-7: 300–13,000 μg/kg). It was hypothesized leachate and air concentrations from facilities that sort/defragment WEEE and vehicles would be the highest. This was supported for total air phase concentrations(∑BDE-10: 9000–195,000 pg/m~3 WEEE/vehicle facilities, 80–900 pg/m~3 in incineration/sorting and landfill sites), but not for water leachate concentrations(e.g., ∑BDE-10: 15–3500 ng/L in WEEE/Vehicle facilities and 1–250 ng/L in landfill sites). Landfill leachate exhibited similar concentrations as WEEE/vehicle sorting and defragmenting facility leachate. To better account for concentrations in leachates at the different facilities, waste-water partitioning coefficients, Kwastewere measured(for the first time to our knowledge for flame retardants). WEEE and plastic waste had elevated Kwastecompared to other wastes, likely because flame retardants are directly added to these materials. The results of this study have implications for the development of strategies to reduce exposure and environmental emissions of flame retardants in waste and recycled products through improved waste management practices.     

Oxidation reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) by Compound I model of cytochrome P450s

Alternative brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have become prevalent as a consequence of restrictions on the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). For risk assessment of these alternatives, knowledge of their metabolism via cytochrome P450 enzymes is needed. We have previously proved that density functional theory (DFT) is able to predict the metabolism of PBDEs by revealing the molecular mechanisms. In the current study, the reactivity of 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane and structurally similar chemicals with the Compound I model representing the active site of P450 enzymes was investigated. The DFT calculations delineated reaction pathways which lead to reasonable explanations for products that were detected by wet experiments, meanwhile intermediates which cannot be determined were also proposed. Results showed that alkyl hydrogen abstraction will lead to bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethanol, which may undergo hydrolysis yielding 2,4,6-tribromophenol, a neurotoxic compound. In addition, a general pattern of oxidation reactivity regarding the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl moiety was observed among several model compounds. Our study has provided insights for convenient evaluation of the metabolism of other structurally similar BFRs.     

Presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPEs) in different functional areas in residential homes in Beijing, China

The production and application of organophosphate esters (OPEs) have dramatically increased in recent years due to their use as a replacement for brominated flame retardants. In this study, 13 OPEs (Σ₁₃OPEs) were analyzed in indoor air samples from kitchens and living rooms in 14 residential homes in Beijing, China. The concentrations of Σ₁₃OPEs in kitchen air samples (mean: 13 ng/m³) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than in living room air samples (5.0 ng/m³). In addition, paired window surface organic film samples were collected and analyzed to investigate film-air partitioning, exhibiting a mean concentration of Σ₁₃OPEs of 4100 ng/m². The congener profiles showed that tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the predominant compound in both window film samples (48%) and the corresponding indoor air sample (56%). The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of OPEs via indoor air inhalation were 2.8 and 1.4 ng/kg/day for infants and adults, respectively, both of which are below the reference dose values (RfDs). Overall, these findings indicate that OPEs in the indoor air environment of residential homes in Beijing are not likely to pose a health risk to the general population.