冷却速度对X70管线钢感应加热弯管组织性能的影响

弯管是油气输送管道的重要组成构件之一。冷却速度的快慢决定弯管材料的最终性能 ,是感应加热弯管的关键参数。为确定合适的冷却速度范围 ,研究了冷却速度大小对管线钢材料组织、性能的影响规律 ,确定了保证材料组织性能冷却速度的下限值。     

预测流速法在炼厂高温高压烟道烟尘浓度采样分析中的应用与探讨

对预测流速法用于炼厂高温高压烟道采样分析的可行性进行了探讨，介绍了针对高温高压烟道烟尘采样分析特点进行的技术改进，指出该方法存在的问题和保证分析准确度应采取的措施。     

基于透射光法探讨水流流速对DNAPL运移分布的影响

重非水相污染物(DNAPL)在地下水中的运移分布受多种因素控制.选择四氯乙烯(PCE)作为DNAPL的代表,通过二维砂箱实验探究地下水流速对DNAPL运移分布的影响.采用透射光法(LTM)监测DNAPL在砂箱内的运移行为并定量分析DNAPL的饱和度,进而采用空间矩分析DNAPL污染羽的平均运移行为随时间的变化.结果表明,透射光法分析得到的DNAPL计算体积与实际注入体积有良好的相关性(R20.98),LTM的测量精度较高,可准确反映DNAPL的入渗行为和再分布过程.DNAPL饱和度和污染羽一阶矩(质心)的分析结果表明,流速的增加能够促进DNAPL在水平和垂直方向的运移使得运移路径倾斜,且其对DNAPL垂向入渗的促进作用更为明显;污染羽二阶矩(展布)的分析结果显示流速的增加还提高了DNAPL在横向和垂向的扩散速度,导致污染区域增大.实验过程中,DNAPL的饱和度直方图在较小地下水流速下始终呈单峰分布,在较大地下水流速下则逐渐呈双峰分布,且流速越大,两个峰值的间距越大.     

混凝预处理及膜面流速控制对微滤膜污染的影响研究

为研究膜面流速和混凝预处理对微滤过程膜污染的综合影响,用旋流式膜混凝反应器进行了不同流量、入口管径、混凝剂投加量下的除浊试验。结果表明,直接微滤时,高膜面流速加剧了初期膜的孔堵污染,但抑制了滤饼层的累积,适于长期运行;在质量浓度为0~18 mg/L范围内增大聚合氯化铝（PAC）投加量可显著抑制膜过滤阻力的增长;以速度梯度（G）表征絮体状态,由于絮体尺寸和错流的综合作用,投加混凝剂后,G在20~70 s-1范围内,414.64 s-1时微滤膜污染较轻。     

Effects of hydrogen addition on propagation characteristics of premixed methane/air flames

An experimental study has been conducted to investigate the effects of hydrogen addition on the fundamental propagation characteristics of methane/air premixed flames at different equivalence ratios in a venting duct. The hydrogen fraction in the methane–hydrogen mixture was varied from 0 to 1 at equivalence ratios of 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2. The results indicate that the tendency towards flame instability increased with the fraction of hydrogen, and the premixed hydrogen/methane flame underwent a complex shape change with the increasing hydrogen fraction. The tulip flame only formed when the fraction of hydrogen ranged from 0 to 50% at an equivalence ratio of 0.8. It was also found that the flame front speed and the overpressure increased significantly with the hydrogen fraction. For all equivalence ratios, the stoichiometric flame (Φ = 1.0) has the shortest time of flame propagation and the maximum overpressure.     

基于化学反应动力学机理的中等尺寸甲烷湍流扩散火焰的数值模拟

通过代码修改,在大涡模拟(LES)中嵌入气相化学反应速率、组分热力学性质和输运特性三大机理文件,严格意义上实现甲烷燃烧的四步简化机理与火灾动力学模拟软件(FDS)的成功对接。燃烧模型采用针对多组分燃料的涡耗散概念(EDC)模型,模拟0.3m直径的甲烷湍流扩散火焰,并分别与基于无限快反应速率的总包单步和两步化学反应预测结果对比。分析预测结果可知:四步机理能够很好的适应FDS框架,其模拟结果具有可靠性,时均温度、速度和主要反应物的预测结果高度一致;机理导入后可以预测CO2、H2O以及中间产物CO和H2的浓度,更合理地描述了火灾中气相产物的产生与输运过程。不同反应机制下主产物CO2和H2O浓度对比结果理想,在高温反应区内存在一定的差异,在高温反应区外呈现出高度的一致性。     

寺家庄井田煤储层渗透率表征方法优选

煤储层渗透率是影响瓦斯抽采与煤层气开发的重要参数,快速评价不同结构煤体的渗透率对指导现场工作有重要意义。以寺家庄井田为例,为了优选出表征煤储层渗透率的合适方法,通过裂隙分形维数、声波速度和地质强度指标(GSI)对煤体结构进行定量表征,测试其渗透率,依据表征的难易程度和二者拟合系数进行对比。结果表明:裂隙分形维数与渗透率相关性显著,但是操作较为繁琐且不适用于软煤;声波速度法操作简单,但与渗透率关系不明显;地质强度指标与渗透率具有显著的相关性,操作简单,适用于所有煤体结构。因此,寺家庄井田煤储层渗透率表征的最佳方法为地质强度指标法。     

植物滞尘分析及其数学表达模式

在植被的树冠结构分析、植物滞尘机理和粉尘沉降速度半经验公式的基础上,建立了植物滞留大气颗粒物的数学表达式。利用Beta功能函数φθ(X)、叶面的投影面积、叶面积密度a(z)、叶投影面积分布参数Kx、Kz等描述不同植被冠层的结构特征,并分析了冠层内的空气动力变化和树冠内气溶胶的平衡公式。借鉴Slinn的颗粒物沉降半经验公式、Petroffa等的阔叶滞尘计算模式,植物滞尘沉降通量数学表达式以树冠中树叶的位置为变量、由颗粒物在单片树叶上的各物理机制的沉降速度积分而成。结合国内外植物上沉降速度的试验结果和植物滞尘沉降通量公式的分析结果对影响植物滞尘的主要因素进行了比较分析。     

Evaluation of Vehicle-Based Crash Severity Metrics

Objective: Vehicle change in velocity (delta-v) is a widely used crash severity metric used to estimate occupant injury risk. Despite its widespread use, delta-v has several limitations. Of most concern, delta-v is a vehicle-based metric which does not consider the crash pulse or the performance of occupant restraints, e.g. seatbelts and airbags. Such criticisms have prompted the search for alternative impact severity metrics based upon vehicle kinematics. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of the occupant impact velocity (OIV), acceleration severity index (ASI), vehicle pulse index (VPI), and maximum delta-v (delta-v) to predict serious injury in real world crashes.

Methods: The study was based on the analysis of event data recorders (EDRs) downloaded from the National Automotive Sampling System / Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) 2000–2013 cases. All vehicles in the sample were GM passenger cars and light trucks involved in a frontal collision. Rollover crashes were excluded. Vehicles were restricted to single-event crashes that caused an airbag deployment. All EDR data were checked for a successful, completed recording of the event and that the crash pulse was complete. The maximum abbreviated injury scale (MAIS) was used to describe occupant injury outcome. Drivers were categorized into either non-seriously injured group (MAIS2?) or seriously injured group (MAIS3+), based on the severity of any injuries to the thorax, abdomen, and spine. ASI and OIV were calculated according to the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware. VPI was calculated according to ISO/TR 12353-3, with vehicle-specific parameters determined from U.S. New Car Assessment Program crash tests. Using binary logistic regression, the cumulative probability of injury risk was determined for each metric and assessed for statistical significance, goodness-of-fit, and prediction accuracy.

Results: The dataset included 102,744 vehicles. A Wald chi-square test showed each vehicle-based crash severity metric estimate to be a significant predictor in the model (p < 0.05). For the belted drivers, both OIV and VPI were significantly better predictors of serious injury than delta-v (p < 0.05). For the unbelted drivers, there was no statistically significant difference between delta-v, OIV, VPI, and ASI.

Conclusions: The broad findings of this study suggest it is feasible to improve injury prediction if we consider adding restraint performance to classic measures, e.g. delta-v. Applications, such as advanced automatic crash notification, should consider the use of different metrics for belted versus unbelted occupants.