Radiation heat transfer in transient dust cloud flame propagation

This study investigates the impact of radiation heat transfer and heat conduction on dust cloud combustion. Radiation plays a very important role in the stability of dust cloud flame, and increasing the amount of radiation drastically raises the possibility of instability and explosion in a dust cloud mixture. Flame speed, which is a function of mixture characteristics, can exhibit a fluctuating behavior. By using the discrete heat source method, it would be possible to study the transient propagation of dust flames. Thus, the propagation speed of flame can be obtained, and as time goes by, the transient speed of dust flame will reach its steady state value. By considering the radiation effect, better agreement is observed between the obtained results and experimental data.     

The Analysis of Tecnazene (2,3,5,6-Tetrachloronitro-benzene) and its Metabolites in Water and Fish

A method for the analysis of Tecnazene (2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene) and its major metabolites (2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorothioanisole) is presented. This rapid analytical technique was developed to measure these compounds in samples of water and fish produced during the course of toxicological investigations. Water samples were extracted into hexane and analysed by high resolution capillary gas chromatography using flame ionisation detection (HRGC-FID). Fish samples were extracted into hexane, cleaned up on a short alumina micro-column and also analysed by HRGC-FID.     

Correction Factors for Covariance between Concentration and Deposition Velocity on CASTNes HNO3 Deposition Estimates

The covariance between hourly concentration (C) and depositionvelocity (V) for various atmospheric species may act to bias the dry deposition (D) computed from the product of the weeklyaverage C and V. This is a potential problem for the CASTNet filter pack (FP) species, nitric acid (HNO₃). Using ozone (O₃) behavior as a surrogate for HNO₃, correctionfactors (CF) are developed to estimate this bias. Weekly CF for O₃ depend on both site and season, and seasonal average weekly CF for O₃ at a given site may be as high as 1.25.The seasonal magnitude of this CF is generally largest in summerand is ordered: summer fall spring > winter. The CF is drivento a large extent by the diurnal correlation between C andV (i.e., both are generally higher during the day and lower at night). However, since the diurnal C profile at elevated sites is relatively constant, the resulting correlation between C and V is small, and the CF at montane sites is generally negligiblysmall. The sampling protocol using daytime integrated sampling for a week and nighttime integrated sampling for a week capturesthe diurnal correlation between C and V adequately and may be used to aggregate relatively unbiased weekly D estimates. Day-night CF for O₃ are close to unity, and limited results suggest similar behavior for HNO₃. Using these limited FP results, the site- and seasonally-specific weekly CF forO₃are refined to estimate the corresponding CF for HNO₃. Worst-case adjustments for HNO₃ as high as 30% are indicated for summer periods at a given site.     

纤维质燃料正向阴燃传播的数值分析

根据多孔固体燃料3步反应动力学机理,建立了2D非稳态纤维质材料水平填充床正向阴燃的数学模型。阴燃的化学动力过程包括燃料吸热热解、燃料放热氧化及焦炭的放热氧化3个过程。该模型既考虑了固-气之间的热交换,也考虑到了气体在多孔介质内的扩散系数的变化。辐射换热采用扩散近似的方式在模型中予以考虑。应用该模型,数值模拟了来流速度对阴燃速度及平均最高温度的影响,结果表明:阴燃传播速度与来流速度基本上呈线性关系,来流速度对阴燃最高温度影响不大。同时也模拟了燃料阴燃温度分布、燃烧过程中气体组分(O2,CO,CO2,H2O)及固体成分(燃料、焦炭和灰分)的变化过程。数值计算阴燃速度与实验速度基本吻合。     

溴阻燃剂对环境安全性的影响

溴阻燃剂(Brominated fire retardants,BFRs)的生产和使用对人类自身健康及其居住环境的影响问题,特别是“二恶英”(Dioxins)的问题,已引起全球范围广泛的重视。欧盟“限制电子电器产品中有害物质”的指令(RoHS)明确规定限制某些溴阻燃剂的使用。笔者就溴阻燃剂近十年来在空气、下水道淤泥和沉积物等非生命环境体系以及动物和人等生命体系的分布情况进行了综合分析,结果发现溴阻燃剂在非生命和生命环境体系中均有增加的趋势。对溴阻燃剂在生物体内的富集和放大作用研究发现,部分溴阻燃剂会在生物体内富集并表现出一定的放大作用。笔者对我国阻燃剂的发展方向提出了见解和建议。     

示踪法测量坡面水流速度理论缺陷分析

示踪法需对经验系数进行修正才能得到水流速度;而经验系数受多种因素的影响,在不同的条件下如何使用,有较大的随意性。对溶质运移数学模型解析解的分析发现,由溶质浓度在观测点达到最大值的时间计算得到的速度无法推算出实际水流速度,以此为基础的染色示踪法或盐液示踪法存在着理论上的缺陷。溶质的弥散系数对示踪法测量水流速度也有较大的影响,弥散系数越大,质心到达观测点的时间与浓度最大值到达该点的时间偏离越远。在实验测量中,泥沙含量对经验系数影响较大,这可能是其影响弥散系数的结果;理论上水流速度增大使经验系数增大,但在实验测量中不同泥沙含量下水流速度对经验系数的影响并不显著,因此在修正经验系数时必须考虑水流中的泥沙含量和其它水质差异。     

Low-Level Microwave Radiation Effect on Nerve Pulse Conduction Velocity

Summary This study is aimed to investigate dependence of nerve pulse conduction velocity on low-level microwave exposure. The changes in fiber membrane permeability or myelin sheath, caused by microwave, should affect nerve pulse conduction velocity. Experimental investigation was carried out for nerve pulse conduction velocity with and without applied microwave field and different orientations of its polarization to the nerve fiber. Microwave radiation of 450 MHz was applied polarized perpendicular or parallel to the nerve fiber. The measured field power density at the skin was 0.87 mW/cm². Special program was developed for calculation of the nerve pulse conduction velocity in LabView environment. The right nervus medianus motor nerve fibers of 35 young subjects were under the study. The experimental protocol included ten measurements in every cycle of five different exposure conditions. No changes in average values of the conduction velocities discovered in different exposure conditions. Theoretical calculations based on Hodgkin-Huxley model confirm only a weak possible effect. The results showed that low-level microwave radiation did not cause statistically significant change in nerve pulse conduction velocity in human motor nerve fiber.     

瑞利波预测煤与瓦斯突出

瑞利波勘探是近年来发展起来的一种新型的岩土原位测试勘探方法。笔者重点对瞬态瑞利波相速度的算法进行了研究。提出了对信号进行预先调制 ,随后再对所求得的相位进行修正的方法 ;另为还须考虑其仪器采集信号时的时间差影响。根据以上算法求得的相速度更接近瑞利波真速度 ,从而提高了相速度的分辨率和精确度。把瞬态瑞利波勘探法运用在矿山生产中 ,利用平面瑞利波的频散特性 ,根据瑞利波的传播速度与煤岩的物理力学性质具有相关性 ,提出了一种新型的预测煤与瓦斯突出的方法。为矿井安全生产预测预报瓦斯突出提供了一种新的手段 ,同时对突出煤层掘进前方突出危险区和安全距离的分析判断提供了一种新的方法     

Important meteorological data for use in risk assessment

This paper presents a methodology for the calculation of atmospheric stability classes in correlation with wind velocities for six sites of the Greek territory, namely Ellinikon (Athens), Elefsis, Megara, Heraklion, Chania and Patras, based on real data obtained from meteorological observations in these sites and on computations related with their geographic position. In addition to that, a comparison is presented of the atmospheric stability classes produced with online measurements for the Ellinikon (Athens) site with significant coincidence in the results.

These calculated values of the meteorological parameters (particularly of atmospheric stability) are most appropriate for uncertainty calculations in quantified risk assessments (QRAs) of hazardous installations sited in the above-mentioned areas, especially when risk and safety-related decisions need to be taken. Consequent results obtained with these parameters are more realistic compared to the “classical” assumption of D5/F2, which leads to significant diversification in the estimation of risk.     

SEDIMENT RESUSPENSION AND DRAWDOWN IN A WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIR1

ABSTRACT: The magnitudes and patterns of sediment resuspension are assessed in Cannonsville Reservoir, New York, to quantify and characterize this internal source of sediment. The assessment is based on analyses of sediment trap collections from 10 sites over the spring to fall interval of two years. Temporal and spatial patterns in sediment deposition are demonstrated to be driven by resuspension/redeposition processes. Sediment that had been resuspended and redeposited represented 80 to 96 percent, on average, of the depositing solids collected along the main axis of the lake. About 90 percent of the redeposited sediment was inorganic. Increased resuspension caused by drawdown of the reservoir surface and fall turnover resulted in 10 to 50‐fold increases in deposition rates compared to levels observed when the reservoir was full and strongly thermally stratified. Elevated levels of redeposition from resuspension in the reservoir have been driven by both higher water column concentrations of suspended solids and settling velocities. Recurring longitudinal and lateral gradients in resuspension are delineated, establishing that resuspended solids are transported from the riverine to the lacustrine zone and from near‐shore to pelagic areas. Resuspension is demonstrated to cause increases in inanimate particle (tripton) concentrations. Higher tripton levels have been observed in years with greater drawdown. Water quality impacts of the resuspension phenomenon are considered.