多溴联苯醚及其环境行为

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)在环境中的浓度快速增长,在各种生物体和人体中也发现了PBDEs的存在,因此已经成为了全球性的环境污染物,是目前研究的一大热点。文章介绍了PBDEs的物理化学性质、分析方法、在环境中的分布归趋和控制措施,着重介绍了水环境中PBDEs的分布和归趋。     

在线富集流动注射-火焰原子吸收法中样品空白值的测定

提出了在线富集-FAAS法中样品空白值测定的方法,讨论了不正确的样品空白值对测定结果准确度的影响.     

2-氢七氟丙烷熄灭聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯燃烧火焰的实验研究

采用二视窗小型燃烧室和数码摄像技术分别研究了2-氢七氟丙烷和二氧化碳对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(RMMA)燃烧火焰的熄灭过程;探讨了2-氢七氟丙烷对PMMA的点火延迟时间、火焰形貌和燃烧速率的影响;同时,运用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)对PMMA熄火表面的化学成份进行了分析.结果发现:极低浓度的2-氢七氟丙烷不仅不能灭火反而还能够促进PMMA的点火和燃烧,但在灭火剂浓度相对较高的情况下,2-氢七氟丙烷抑制样品点火和燃烧的能力要远高于二氧化碳.与二氧化碳灭火剂相比,2-氢七氟丙烷具有灭火浓度低、灭火效率高和灭火速度快等明显优点.此外,FTIR的分析结果显示PMMA熄火表面的化学成份没有明显变化,这表明2-氢七氟丙烷对RMMA燃烧火焰的熄灭作用可能主要是发生在气相中.     

基于氢火焰离子化检测仪响应因子的设备泄漏排放核算

氢火焰离子化检测仪(FID)是检测设备泄漏挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要仪器。通过变异系数分析了FID响应因子与FID型号、被测气体种类和被测气体浓度的关系,并进行了实例验证。分析结果表明,FID响应因子与各因素关联强度的排序为:被测气体种类FID型号被测气体浓度。响应因子应用实例的验证结果表明:对于芳烃重整装置145个接触甲苯、二甲苯两组分物料的泄漏设备,响应因子修正后的排放量计算值仅为修正前的18.68%;MTBE装置涉甲醇设备的甲醇排放量计算值修正后为修正前的3倍左右。在此基础上,就设备泄漏VOCs污染源,提出通过响应因子实现排放量精细化核算的建议。     

密度场干涉测量及其条纹处理计算

本文将普通纹影仪改造成激光差分干涉仪,并用于火焰等密度场的显示与测量。编制了条纹预处理和细化软件系统,并对干涉条纹进行了处理和细化计算。另外,针对细化后的条纹,编制了密度场的计算软件,并对蜡烛火焰和超声速轴对称绕流流场进行了计算,得到了密度场定量的结果。     

喷出火焰引起可燃性墙面燃烧问题的研究

应用传热学的有关知识,从理论上分析了通过外墙窗口喷出的火焰对可燃性墙面的引燃及墙面上的火焰传播等问题,并对这些问题进行了实验研究,结果表明：喷出火焰比较容易引燃可燃性墙面,使墙面上出现垂直向上的火焰传播现象。     

空气幕对抑制收费亭内污染物侵入作用的数值模拟

针对高速公路收费亭内空气质量差、污染严重的问题,为改善收费亭内工作环境、保障作业人员的身体健康,采用空气幕隔断方式抑制污染物进入亭内.运用Airpak软件对空气幕不同送风速度和送风角度下的抑制效果进行数值模拟,计算结果表明:空气幕可以有效抑制污染物侵入收费亭内;竖直向下送风时,随着送风速度的增加,抑制效果有所增加,当送...     

稀性泥石流的平均运动速度研究

泥石流的运动速度是泥石流动力学研究中最重要的参数。稀性泥石流是常见也是危害较大的泥石流类型,准确而简洁地计算稀性泥石流的运动速度非常重要。现有的稀性泥石流平均速度经验公式,在使用上和适用地区上还存在一些问题。本文通过分析一系列稀性泥石流观测资料中的体积浓度与稀性泥石流的运动速度和阻力特征的关系,得出了一个新的计算稀性泥石流平均运动速度的经验公式,该公式能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,适用于一般急流的稀性泥石流;对于缓流稀性泥石流,计算值与观测值相比偏大,但很接近;不适用于缓慢稀性泥石流。本文提出的经验公式,使用简洁,计算稳定,与其他方法计算的稀性泥石流平均运动速度很接近。该速度计算经验公式也适用于稀性泥石流堆积扇上游沟道,但对于堆积扇上的速度,计算值偏大,且越往堆积扇的下游,偏差越大。     

Fate of tetrabromobisphenol A and hexabromocyclododecane brominated flame retardants in soil and uptake by plants

The fate of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers (α-, β-, and γ-HBCD) and uptake by plants (cabbage and radish) was investigated. In a short-term (8 weeks) experiment, sorption to soil matrix resulted in 90% decline in recovery of these compounds in the experimental soil. However, nearly 50% of initial HBCDs recovered in mixed cabbage-radish treatments, which suggested that interspecific plant interactions might enhance the bioavailability of HBCDs. Although both plant species could uptake TBBPA and HBCDs, cabbage showed greater accumulating ability. Up to 3.5-10.0-fold higher HBCD concentrations were observed than TBBPA concentrations in all plant tissues, and the distribution of HBCDs in plant tissues was diastereomer-specific. The predominance of α-HBCD in shoot tissues for both species might be attributed to diastereomer-specific translocation of HBCDs, shift in diastereomer pattern and/or selective metabolization of γ-HBCD within plants. The results showed that strong sorption to soil particles reduced the potential of human exposure to BFRs in the soil. However, plants increased the exposure risk by uptaking these compounds and by enhancing their bioavailability. The results also provide insight into transport mechanisms of TBBPA and HBCD diastereomers in soil-plant systems.     

"Novel" brominated flame retardants in Belgian and UK indoor dust: implications for human exposure

Concentrations of several “novel” brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) are reported in indoor dust samples from Belgian houses (n = 39) and offices (n = 6) and from day-care centers and schools in the West Midlands of the UK (n = 36). Using a GC-ECNI/MS method, the following NBFRs were quantified: decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) (range <20-2470 ng g⁻¹), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) (range <0.5-1740 ng g⁻¹), tetrabromobisphenol A-bis(2,3-dibromopropylether) (TBBPA-DBPE) (range <20-9960 ng g⁻¹), 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (TBB) (range <2-436 ng g⁻¹) and bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalate (TBPH) (range <2-6175 ng g⁻¹). Hexachlorocyclopentadienyl-dibromocyclooctane (HCDBCO), another NBFR, was below the detection limit of 2 ng g⁻¹ dust in all dust samples. No correlation was detected between concentrations of NBFRs and PBDEs. The ratio of TBB:TBPH in the dust samples ranged from 0.01 to 4.77 (average 0.42), compared to the ratio present in the commercial flame retardant product FM 550 (TBB:TBPH = 4:1). Furthermore, no correlation was detected between concentrations in dust of TBB and TBPH. This may suggest different sources of these NBFRs, or similar sources but compound-specific differences in their indoor fate and transport. Exposure via dust ingestion was estimated for both adults and toddlers under low-end (5th percentile), typical (median), and high-end (95th percentile concentrations) scenarios. These were calculated assuming 100% absorption of intake dust and using mean dust ingestion (adults = 20 mg d⁻¹; for toddlers = 50 mg d⁻¹) and high dust ingestion (adults = 50 mg d⁻¹; for toddlers = 200 mg d⁻¹). Typical exposure with high dust ingestion estimates for adults were 0.01, 0.2, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.08 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ and for toddlers 0.05, 1.9, 0.08, 0.4 and 1.12 ng kg⁻¹ bw d⁻¹ for BTBPE, DBDPE, TBB, TBPH and TBBPA-DBPE, respectively. Our results showed that, similar to PBDEs, toddlers have higher exposure to NBFRs than adults. This study documents the presence of NBFRs in indoor environments, and emphasizes the need to evaluate the health implications of exposure to such chemicals.