油污土壤中柴油去除的影响因素

以柴油为污染物,通过一维砂柱实验模拟油污土壤中柴油去除过程,从油水界面张力(IFT)角度分析溶液pH、淋滤速度和表面活性物质对除油效果的影响。结果表明,延长油水接触时间、升高或降低蒸馏水pH值均使油水界面张力下降,低淋滤速度下单位孔隙体积水中石油浓度较大,而水溶液pH的变化对除油效果影响不明显。十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)和乙醇使油水界面张力显著下降,因此表面活性物质的除油效率明显高于蒸馏水,乙醇溶液的除油效率随着体积浓度的增加而升高。从石油释放动力学方程计算的柴油累积释放量看,50%乙醇除油效率最高,8 mmol/L SDS溶液次之,在淋洗初期柴油去除效果最为明显,而在中期和后期除油率增加幅度逐渐减小。     

Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are regulated aerial pollutants that have environmental and health concerns. Swine operations produce and emit a complex mixture of VOCs with a wide range of molecular weights and a variety of physicochemical properties. Significant progress has been made in this area since the first experiment on VOCs at a swine facility in the early 1960s. A total of 47 research institutions in 15 North American, European, and Asian countries contributed to an increasing number of scientific publications. Nearly half of the research papers were published by U.S. institutions.Investigated major VOC sources included air inside swine barns, in headspaces of manure storages and composts, in open atmosphere above swine wastewater, and surrounding swine farms. They also included liquid swine manure and wastewater, and dusts inside and outside swine barns. Most of the sample analyses have been focusing on identification of VOC compounds and their relationship with odors. More than 500 VOCs have been identified. About 60% and 10% of the studies contributed to the quantification of VOC concentrations and emissions, respectively. The largest numbers of VOC compounds with reported concentrations in a single experimental study were 82 in air, 36 in manure, and 34 in dust samples.The relatively abundant VOC compounds that were quantified in at least two independent studies included acetic acid, butanoic acid (butyric acid), dimethyl disulfide, dimethyl sulfide, iso-valeric, p-cresol, propionic acid, skatole, trimethyl amine, and valeric acid in air. They included acetic acid, p-cresol, iso-butyric acid, butyric acid, indole, phenol, propionic acid, iso-valeric acid, and skatole in manure. In dust samples, they were acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, valeric acid, p-cresol, hexanal, and decanal. Swine facility VOCs were preferentially bound to smaller-size dusts.Identification and quantification of VOCs were restricted by using instruments based on gas Chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) with different detectors most of which require time-consuming procedures to obtain results. Various methodologies and technologies in sampling, sample preparation, and sample analysis have been used. Only four publications reported using GC based analyzers and PTR-MS (proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry) that allowed continuous VOC measurement. Because of this, the majority of experimental studies were only performed on limited numbers of air, manure, or dust samples. Many aerial VOCs had concentrations that were too low to be identified by the GC peaks.Although VOCs emitted from swine facilities have environmental concerns, only a few studies investigated VOC emission rates, which ranged from 3.0 to 176.5 mg d⁻¹ kg⁻¹ pig at swine finishing barns and from 2.3 to 45.2 g d⁻¹ m⁻² at manure storages. Similar to the other pollutants, spatial and temporal variations of aerial VOC concentrations and emissions existed and were significantly affected by manure management systems, barn structural designs, and ventilation rates.Scientific research in this area has been mainly driven by odor nuisance, instead of environment or health concerns. Compared with other aerial pollutants in animal agriculture, the current scientific knowledge about VOCs at swine facilities is still very limited and far from sufficient to develop reliable emission factors.     

Photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE)

The photolytic degradation of decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), an alternative flame retardant to decabromodiphenyl ether, was investigated in a variety of matrixes (n-hexane, tetrahydrofuran, methanol/water, humic acid/water, and silica gel) by irradiation under ultraviolet light and in n-hexane under natural light. Photolytic degradation of DBDPE occurs in all the matrixes investigated within the irradiation period (<320 min). The degradation experiments showed varied reaction rates, dependent on the matrixes, with increasing half-lives (t_1/2) in the order of tetrahydrofuran (t_1/2 = 6.0 min) > n-hexane (t_1/2 = 16.6 min) > humic acid/water (30 < t_1/2 < 60) > silica gel (t_1/2 = 75.9 min) > methanol/water (t_1/2 > 240 min). The reaction in tetrahydrofuran, n-hexane, and silica gel matrixes can be described by the pseudo first order kinetics. Nevertheless, the matrixes have little effect on the degradation product distributions of DBDPE. A numbers of debrominated intermediates were identified. The degradation involves the initial formation of nona-BDPEs and the subsequent decomposition of these congeners to lower brominated congeners (octa- and hepta-BDPEs) within the irradiation time. To our knowledge, the present work is the first attempt to investigate the photolytic degradation kinetics and the identification of intermediates, as well as the degradation mechanism, during the degradation of DBDPE. Further research is needed to understand the photolytic degradation pattern of DBDPE in the natural environment.     

Decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabromodiphenyl ether in Swedish background air

Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DPDPE) is a flame retardant that has been on the market for more than 20 years and is used as a replacement for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209). Environmental data on DPDPE are scarce but for BDE-209, studies have shown that long-range transport in the atmosphere leads to contamination of remote regions. Given their similar physical-chemical properties, we hypothesized that this is also true for DPDPE. In this study we explored the European continent as a source for DBDPE by collecting air samples at a back-ground location in southern Sweden. Twelve samples with stable air mass back trajectories over the 24 h sampling period were analysed. BDE-209 and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also included in the study. The concentration ranges of DBDPE and BDE-209 were similar, 0.077-7.9 and 0.093-1.8 pg m⁻³ air, respectively. The highest concentrations were detected when the air originated from the European continent and the lowest during periods with rather stagnant air over southern Scandinavia. The concentrations of DBDPE and BDE-209 did not co-vary, indicating that there are different major sources of the two compounds. In air, the compounds measured in this study are predominantly associated with particles. PAHs in the atmosphere are known to originate primarily from combustion processes and their concentrations were highly correlated with several measures of atmospheric particle concentration, i.e. PM 10, PM 2.5, soot, and N 450 (number of particles in the size range approximately 420-450 nm). No clear correlations were found between the concentrations of DBDPE or BDE-209 and any of the measures of particle concentrations, indicating that the emissions of these are not related to the major sources of emissions of soot or small particles.     

石河子市大气硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫浓度的相关性分析

对石河子市2000-2002年间硫酸盐化速率与二氧化硫监测数据进行了相关分析,结果表明,二者浓度之间具有显著的相关性。并由此建立了符合各监测点环境状况的回归方程。     

EGSB反应器处理焦化废水的颗粒污泥反应动力学研究

为了对处理实际焦化废水微氧EGSB反应器污染物去除机理进行研究,建立了处理实际焦化废水微氧EGSB反应器内污染物质降解动力学模型,考察EGSB反应器启动和稳定运行阶段不同运行条件时COD去除效果,并分析动力学参数的变化。研究确定了处理实际焦化废水(进水COD 2 000 mg/L左右)微氧EGSB反应器在启动和稳定运行阶段所适用的基质降解模型,动力学常数vmax、KI、KS、vmax/KS、KS/KI分别为7.34×10-3h-1、197.76 mg/L、19.53 mg/L、3.7×10-4L/(h·mg)、0.10和2.4×10-2h-1、66.64 mg/L、44.07 mg/L、5.4×10-4L/(h·mg)、0.66;微氧EGSB反应器内颗粒污泥能够逐渐适应并高效降解焦化废水中污染物质,焦化废水中毒性污染物质对颗粒污泥的抑制程度是由KS/KI决定的,KS/KI越大,抑制程度越弱,处理实际焦化废水EGSB反应器启动和稳定运行阶段的KS/KI分别为0.04~0.1和0.66~0.74;液体上升流速Vup的提高能够明显提高最大比基质降解速率vmax,降低半饱和常数KS和抑制常数KI,最终强化微氧EGSB反应器的运行效果,稳定运行阶段COD去除率高达92.7%。     

浅谈原子吸收分光光度计在环境监测中的应用

本文介绍了原子吸收分光光度计在环境监测中的应用情况和重要性.分析了原子吸收光度法(包括石墨妒法)与ICP-AES(电感偶合等离子体发射光谱法),原子荧光法,极谱法在分析元素时各自的优缺点,又从目前环境监测的角度阐述了应用原子吸收分光度计的重要性与现实性.分析了原子吸收分光广度计在使用中的常见问题及原子吸收分光广度法分析中常出现的问题(从仪器、方法角度分别讲述).并提出了原子吸收分光度计要进一步应适应环境监测的需求.     

铜及铜合金在淡海水交替自然环境条件下的腐蚀行为研究

目的研究铜及铜合金在淡海水交替条件下的腐蚀行为。方法通过开展TUP纯铜、B10与B30铜合金3种典型的铜及铜合金在淡海水交替、海水及淡水自然环境下2年的暴露试验,将三种环境下材料的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀速率进行对比,总结3种材料在不同水环境下的腐蚀规律,对其腐蚀机理进行简要的探讨,并对其长周期的腐蚀行为进行预测。结果对TUP纯铜来说,淡海水环境对TUP纯铜的影响是海水环境的1.66倍,对B30铜合金来说,淡海水环境对其影响是海水环境的2.07倍,而对于B10铜合金,淡海水环境是海水环境的2.17倍。结论从耐蚀性上来看,铜及合金在淡海水交替自然环境下耐蚀性能最差,海水自然环境下次之,在淡水环境下的耐蚀性能最好,自然环境中水的流速越快,会加重铜及合金的腐蚀。     

发动机燃料组分生烟特性的研究

本文采用火焰高度测定仪系统地评价了构成发动机燃料的单体烃和单体醇的生烟特性,提出并应用碳烟生成的烃正离子概念解释了单体烃和单体醇的生烟规律,为正确调整发动机燃料构成提供了实践基础,也为研究和开发消烟助燃剂奠定了理论基础。     

偏振分析法计算震中方位角的精度分析

震中方位角是地震研究人员研究的经典课题,偏振分析法可以有效地提高方位角的计算精度.但是国内对此方法的研究并不充分,故本文分析了大量强震记录的震中方位角的计算结果,回答了何种地震数据能算出精度最高的震中方位角、最合适的时间窗口长度在什么范围内、误差有什么样的特征这三个问题.本文建立了偏振椭球的立体几何模型,改进了视方位角与震中方位角转化关系的表示方法,使其更符合实际需求.由于数据计算依赖MATLAB程序,故编写了计算震中方位角的脚本M文件和三个供调用的函数M文件.地震研究者可调用这些函数完成读取数据、速度和位移的仿真.