电除尘器提效节能除尘效率公式的研究

依据理论驱进速度和我国电除尘器(EP)的运行现状,以及提效节能型高压供电设备的开发成功与推广,分析研究了反映高压供电提效节能智能优化控制特性的EP除尘效率公式。公式指出,有效驱进速度和EP除尘效率与提效节能工作方式下的二次电压峰值及最小值成正比,与火花整定工作方式下的二次电压峰值及最小值之比成正比。该公式可为EP高压供电等设备的优化研究开发和提效节能运行提供参考依据。     

Parameterization of the roughness length over the sea in forced and free convection

In the condition of free convection, the Charnock relation is inadequate. In this paper we extend the Charnock relation to include the effect of free convection on the roughness length. As a result, the singularity in the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory can be avoided. This paper shows two approaches to derive the roughness length formula in the forced and free convections. The first approach is based on the mixing length theory and the use of the observational data of the vertical velocity variance. We introduce a new vertical velocity scale based on the vertical velocity variance; this velocity variance is well behaved in the atmospheric boundary layer and easy to obtain from field experiments. The second approach is based on the theoretical framework of Sykes et al. (Q R Met Soc, 119: 409–421). From that framework, we develop a theory to obtain the roughness length formula. The results of these two approaches are in agreement with each other. In the past, a multiplication factor associated with free convection was considered to be a constant. This paper shows that this multiplication factor is, in fact, also dependent on the depth of the mixing height. In previous studies, experimental works were often conducted without taking into account the depth of the mixing height. Not taking into account the mixing height in the estimation of the roughness length in free convection would result in an inaccurate estimate of the roughness length and hence the drag coefficient. An erratum to this article can be found at     

对喷流除尘技术在收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵粉尘中的应用研究

对喷流除尘技术利用粉尘颗粒在撞击区内来回振荡、相互碰撞并团聚的机理进行除尘.实验采用水平式对喷流除尘系统收集硫酸铵和硝酸铵的混合物粉尘,主要考察喷嘴气流速度、含尘浓度和喷雾化水润湿含尘气流对除尘效率的影响,并进行机理分析.实验表明,除尘效率随喷嘴风速的增大而升高,但喷嘴风速超过25～27 m/s后,反而下降;除尘效率随含尘浓度的增加而升高,但含尘浓度超过0 45～0.55 kg/m3后反而有所降低;喷雾化润湿含尘气流能显著提高除尘效率,最优耗水量为0.18～0.22 kg/kg粉尘,超过该值后无显著变化.实验确定的最优除尘条件为:喷嘴速度25～27 m/s、含尘浓度0.45～0.55 kg/m3、耗水量0.18～0 22 kg/kg粉尘,除尘效率最高可达96.8%.     

纵横复合收尘极板电除尘器除尘性能研究

常规电除尘器体积大,成本高,限制了其应用.本文提出了一种新型电除尘器--纵横复合收尘极板电除尘器.通试验,比较了纵横复合收尘极板电除尘器和常规电除尘器的一些影响因素,即极板电流密度的大小和均匀性,流场分布均匀性,不同电压和不同电场风速下的除尘效率等.试验结果表明,在相同条件下,纵横复合收尘极板电除尘器的极板电流密度及流场分布更均匀,除尘效率明显高于常规电除尘器.本研究对减小电除尘器体积、降低电除尘器成本和推进电除尘技术的发展有较大的现实意义.     

微乳化柴油火焰传播特性的试验研究

采用高速照相机记录火焰传播过程,并运用ProAnalyst软件分别对微乳化柴油的主火焰高度和闪火焰传播速度进行了测量和追踪分析。结果表明：各时刻的微乳化柴油主火焰均不是连续的,呈现“跳跃式”传播,并且主火焰的最大高度显著小于-10PD 的主火焰最大高度;微乳化柴油火焰传播的平均速度以及最大瞬时速度均远小于-10PD ,而 HS -10火焰传播的平均速度以及最大瞬时速度在3种不同含水量的微乳化柴油中也均为最小。微乳化柴油的阻燃防火性能明显优于-10PD 的主要原因是其中的水分对火焰燃烧产生了较强的抑制作用。     

安全帽阻燃性能测试方法研究与探讨

本文采用GB/T2812-2006《安全帽测试方法》提供的方法对安全帽的阻燃性能进行了测试,测试结果表明,采用该方法,同一顶安全帽得到了两种不同的实验结果:一种实验结果为"合格",另一种实验结果为"不合格"。进而研究发现,标准仅对火焰的长度和颜色作了简单的要求,并未对燃气压力、火焰温度等作出明确的要求,从而导致同一顶安全帽有两种不同的实验结果。建议在以后的标准修订中,对试验用气体的纯度和实验时气体的压力有所要求,从而确保测试结果的唯一性和可重复性。     

Explosion parameters of wood chip-derived syngas in air

The wood gasification process poses serious concerns about the risk of explosion. The design of prevention and mitigation measures requires the knowledge of safety parameters, such as the maximum explosion pressure, the maximum rate of pressure rise and the gas deflagration index, K_G, at standard ambient temperature (25 °C) and pressure (1 bar) conditions. However, the analysis at specific process conditions is strongly recommended, as the explosion behavior of gas mixtures may be completely different.In the work presented in this paper, the explosion behavior of mixtures with composition representative of wood chip-derived syngas (CO/H₂/CH₄/CO₂/N₂ mixtures with and without H₂O) was experimentally studied in a closed combustion chamber. Experiments were run at two temperatures, 300 °C and 10 °C, and at atmospheric pressure. Test conditions were requested by the safety engineering designer of an existing industrial-scale wood gasification plant. In order to identify the specific fuel–air ratios to be analyzed, thus reducing the number of experimental tests, a preliminary thermo-kinetic study was performed.Results have shown that the mixtures investigated can be classified as low-reactivity mixtures, the higher value of K_G found (∼36 bar m/s) being much lower than the K_G value of methane (55 bar m/s @ 25 °C).     

中国地区大气汞的干沉降速度

借助箱模式对汞的干沉降过程进行敏感性分析,并利用区域大气环境模式系统RegAEMS计算中国地区汞干沉降速度的时空分布特征。结果表明,森林下垫面下三类汞（气态零价汞、活性气态汞和颗粒态汞）的干沉降速度较大( 0.13、4.5和0.45 cm·s^-1),水体表面上的相对较小（0.0012,0.5和0.11 cm·s^-1）。敏感性分析发现,三类汞的干沉降速度随着近地层风速增加;降水或者地表湿度降低会导致零价汞和活性气态汞干沉降速度增加;雪盖厚度会减小气态零价汞的干沉降速度而增加活性气态汞的干沉降速度。三类汞的干沉降速度在区域上分布类似,东北以及南部地区最高,华东地区最小。季节变化上,气态零价汞、活性气态汞的干沉降速度在多数下垫面都夏季最大,冬季最小;颗粒态汞季节变化不明显。     

Cadmium and nickel determinations in some food and water samples by the combination of carrier element-free coprecipitation and flame atomic absorption spectrometry

A procedure for separation and enrichment of Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions based upon carrier element-free coprecipitation by using an organic coprecipitant, 2-{4-[2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)ethyl]-3-(4-methylbenzyl)-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl}-N′-(3-fluoro-phenylmethyliden) acetohydrazide, prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometric detections has been developed. The effects of varied experimental conditions on the performance of the developed method such as pH, sample volume, amount of coprecipitating agent, etc. were evaluated in detail on the recovery of analyte ions, and the influences of some anions and cations were investigated. The limits of detection for Cd(II) and Ni(II) ions based on three times the standard deviation of the blanks (N: 10) were obtained as 0.70 μg L^?1 and 1.21 μg L^?1, respectively. The accuracy of the method was tested by analyzing a certified reference material and by spike tests. The method was applied to determine the levels of cadmium and nickel in stream and sea water, rice, red lentil, and wheat samples.     

Trace metal concentrations in cigarette brands commonly available in Turkey: relation with human health

In this study, the concentrations of Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were determined in 15 cigarette brands from Turkey by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A wet digestion method was employed to cigarette samples. The mean values obtained for Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, Cr, and Cd were 1.2, 4.1, 134, 14, 66, 3.7, 5.0, and 1.1?µg?g^?1, respectively, i.e., in the order of Fe?>?Mn?>?Cu?>?Cr?>?Ni?>?Pb?>?Co?>?Cd. The results were compared with the literature values for other international cigarette brands.