Investigation of spark ignition processes of laminar strained premixed stoichiometric NH3-H2-air flames

A knowledge of the ignition properties of ammonia (NH${}_3$)/hydrogen (H${}_2$) mixtures is important because of their abundance in chemical engineering processes, and also because of their prospective role as fuels in future energy systems. In particular, the question arises if and how important characteristics like ignition limits and minimum ignition energies in NH${}_3$/H${}_2$ mixtures are related to the physical conditions. To address this question, this work studies ignition process in ammonia/hydrogen mixtures by numerical simulations. These track the evolution of ammonia/hydrogen mixtures during and after the deposition of a certain ignition energy, using a detailed treatment of chemical reactions and molecular transport. Studies on the influence of different system parameters on the minimally required ignition energy are performed. These are the strain rate, hydrogen content, pressure and initial (pre-ignition) temperature. Significant findings include a quasi-linear correlation between the transition strain rate, defined as the strain rate below which no external energy is required to initiate successful ignition (auto-ignition) and a characteristic reaction rate, defined as the inverse of ignition delay time in homogeneous, quiescent mixtures. Also, the relative decay of minimum ignition energy with increasing hydrogen content is less pronounced for higher pressures. Analysis of the results supports a knowledge-based approach towards fail-proof ignition devices and reliable prevention of hazards. The simulations are used for assessing the ignitability of ammonia and its mixtures with hydrogen.     

额头皮脂-角质层中有机磷阻燃剂的垂直分布规律及健康风险评估

皮脂-角质层是有机磷阻燃剂（OPFRs）从环境进入人体皮肤的桥梁，揭示OPFRs在皮脂-角质层中浓度的垂直分布规律，对于准确评估OPFRs的皮肤暴露剂量有重要意义.本研究选取40名在校大学生为志愿者，基于胶带粘贴技术，分5层采集了志愿者额头皮脂-角质层样品，采用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪测定其中9种OPFRs的浓度.结果显示，在校大学生额头5层皮脂-角质层中Σ₉OPFRs的总浓度为1320~3650 ng?m^-2，平均浓度为2550 ng?m^-2.其中TDCIPP含量最高（933 ng?m^-2），TPP最低（3.1 ng?m^-2）；除TPHP男性显著高于女性外（p<0.01），男女额头表面OPFRs负荷无显著性别差异.整体上，9种OPFRs均在表层皮脂中的浓度最高，且随深度增加逐步降低，Σ₉OPFRs在5层皮脂-角质层中的浓度变异系数为71%±22%.基于皮脂-角质层第1和第5层中OPFRs浓度估算其皮肤暴露剂量，分别为1.7×10^-4 ng?kg^-1?d^-1和2.3×10^-5 ng?kg^-1?d^-1，存在显著的差异.由此可知，OPFRs在皮脂-角质层中并非均匀分布，基于擦拭法获取皮肤表层皮脂中OPFRs的平均浓度并用于评估OPFRs皮肤暴露剂量，可能显著高估其生物学实际暴露水平.