基于未确知测度理论的煤层底板突水危险性评价

运用未确知测度理论,建立煤矿奥灰岩岩溶水类底板突水评价模型。选取煤层底板的地质构造(断裂构造密度、褶皱、断层导水性、岩体的裂隙发育情况)、水文地质条件(水压、含水性、岩溶含水层发育情况、强水源补给情况)、底板隔水层条件(隔水层厚度、岩石力学强度以及隔水岩层的完整性)、开采条件(采厚和采深)4个一级指标、13项二级指标作为未确知测度模型的判别指标;根据指标值的类型采用定量或定性的方法对其进行分级和赋值,建立评判集,进而构建单指标测度函数。将13个突水评价指标值代入单指标测度函数计算得到单指标测度评价矩阵。利用信息熵理论获得各判别指标的权重,依照置信度识别准则进行等级判定,最后得出煤层底板突水危险性评价结果。利用该方法对肥城矿区14个地质块段的煤层底板突水危险性进行评价,结果表明,该评价结果与矿山实际情况相符。     

底板突水煤层的突变学特征

对建立在力学分析基础上的突水条件进行适当变换，得到煤层底板突水势函数，它符合尖点突变模型。进一步分析，发现煤层底板突水具有突变、缓慢两条路径，并在突水临界点附近具有发散性和４ 模态软化等性质。根据这些特性，可通过调控煤层底板突水条件使之不突水，从而达到煤层底板突水治理并防患于未然的目的。     

Input of heavy metals to the forest floor as a result of Cracow urban pollution

The influence of Cracow's urban pollution on small forest ecosystems was studied during 1998-2000. Seven sites located at different distances from the Cracow conurbation and from busy road were selected. Two sites were situated 26 and 31 km from Cracow town along an eastern transect, the other five-3, 8, 14, 26 and 35 km respectively, from Cracow-along a southern transect. At the beginning of September, five litter traps were set at each site. The quantity of litter fall, along with percentage composition of each species, were estimated for an area of 1 m(2). The concentration of Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Fe in the litter fall and the input of these metals to the forest floor were determined. The input of cadmium ranged from 84 microg m(-2) at Kornatka in 1998 to 382 microg m(-2) at Bonarka in 2000. The input of lead was about 10 times higher than cadmium and varied from 406 microg m(-2) at Weglówka in 1998 to 3717 microg m(-2) at Bonarka in 2000. Input of Cu, Zn and Fe to the forest floor showed the similar tendency. During 1998-2000, the highest heavy metal concentrations in the litter fall and their impact on the forest floor were always found at sites close to the Cracow conurbation and, in the eastern transect, close to a steel works. Input of metals to the forest floor tended to decrease with increasing distance from the centre of Cracow.     

基于PCA_Fuzzy_RF模型的煤层底板突水预测

针对煤层底板突水问题,提出了基于主成分分析、模糊数学和随机森林的一种新预测模型。首先通过主成分分析将6个影响因素(水压、采高、隔水层厚度、断层落差、煤层倾角、断层距工作面距离)进行降维,提取4个主成分因子,其次对主成分因子进行模糊化,作为随机森林模型的输入变量,建立基于PCA_Fuzzy_RF的煤层底板突水预测模型。利用华北矿区实测资料的50组数据作为PCA_Fuzzy_RF模型的训练数据,10组数据作为测试数据,并将预测结果与BP神经网络及Fisher模型进行对比分析,结果表明,PCA_Fuzzy_RF模型的误判率为0,适用于解决煤层底板突水问题。     

诺砂试制经济型地面砖的研究

论述了对诺砂采用压制成型法试制低成本地面砖的工艺流程、试验过程及其结果分析,并对其反应机理进行了简单的探讨,为诺砂的综合利用提供了一定的参考.     

基于不同岩层组合对底板阻水效应的流固耦合机理研究

为了探究不同岩层组合底板对承压水的阻隔效果,以淮北矿区下组煤底板为研究 对象,建立了三种不同组合特征底板模型。基于FISH语言对FLAC3D软件进行二次开发, 对流固耦合条件下不同组合特征底板采动应力及围岩渗透性进行了综合分析。结果表明 :流固耦合条件下,底板采后应力转换点深度较不考虑底板水压条件下加深,且底板深 部出现了明显的卸压现象;硬软型底板采后卸荷程度及应力转换点降幅最大,而软硬相 间型底板受最小;硬软型底板采后渗透性提高4.5倍,而软硬相间型底板仅提高1.4倍, 研究结果揭示出软硬相间岩层组合底板阻水效果最好,而硬软型底板最差。     

采动底板力学特征及其对回采巷道稳定性影响

应用理论分析、计算机模拟和现场实测,分析了采动底板应力传播规律及其对底板巷道稳定性影响规律。研究表明:煤壁前方应力增高区附近底板压应力分布呈现"球根"状,随着埋深的增加,垂直应力先增加后减小,剪应力浅部采场边界高度集中,是引起层状底板剪切滑移的根本原因。张集矿1113(1)工作面回采过程,活化了已回采稳定的两工作面层间似连续-非连续-散体结构,导致非连续结构的剪切滑移失稳,和散体冲破相互咬合摩擦力的移动,引起了1113(1)工作面轨道巷广距离失稳。相邻采区开采顺序由上下煤层间隔同采调整为上下煤层顺序开采后,巷道表面位移显著降低,技术经济效益显著。研究成果可为煤层群开采采区设计、底板巷道稳定性控制提供理论基础。     

Linking chemical elements in forest floor humus (Oh-horizon) in the Czech Republic to contamination sources

While terrestrial moss and other plants are frequently used for environmental mapping and monitoring projects, data on the regional geochemistry of humus are scarce. Humus, however, has a much larger life span than any plant material. It can be seen as the “environmental memory” of an area for at least the last 60-100 years. Here concentrations of 39 elements determined by ICP-MS and ICP AES, pH and ash content are presented for 259 samples of forest floor humus collected at an average sample density of 1 site/300 km² in the Czech Republic. The scale of anomalies linked to known contamination sources (e.g., lignite mining and burning, metallurgical industry, coal fired power plants, metal smelters) is documented and discussed versus natural processes influencing humus quality. Most maps indicate a local impact from individual contamination sources: often more detailed sampling than used here would be needed to differentiate between likely sources.     

考虑双向群组运动特征的场域模型研究

行人动力学的研究能为火灾等紧急情况下的疏散研究提供理论支撑。现有研究多以独立行人为研究对象,群组作为行人流的重要组成部分,有必要进行研究分析。以场域模型为基础,在前人提出群组场的基础上进行拓展,并引入预测场模拟群组行人避让行为,构建了考虑双向群组运动特征的拓展场域模型,对双向群组运动特征进行研究。在双向流通道中进行模拟发现:随着预测场敏感性参数增大避让行为意识增强,时间损失增加,与反向行人的正面冲突减少;拓展模型能使群组维持较近距离的同时减少群组成员之间的冲突;该模型能模拟密度越大速度越小的典型现象。     

基于元胞自动机的火源威胁下人员疏散模型*

为研究火源对人员疏散的影响,在现有场域模型的基础上进行扩展,结合元胞自动机提出1种考虑多出口吸引、人员从众行为与火源威胁3者耦合作用的场域疏散模型。此模型综合考虑心理和环境等因素,定量描述人员之间、人与环境之间的相互影响,将出口吸引、从众心理与火源威胁3个影响行人疏散决策的元素归一化,以静态场和动态场耦合作用确定的转移概率作为行人移动的准则。采用此模型,分别对火源位置、火源威胁范围扩散速度在疏散中的影响进行模拟研究。结果表明:模型在一定程度上能够反映火源威胁下行人的疏散过程,再现了行人躲避和趋众行为,能为火源威胁下行人疏散提供理论借鉴。