基于GIS的海洋底栖生物栖息密度空间插值方法

在地理信息系统即GIS的支持下,分别采用反距离加权(inverse distance weighted,IDW)、普通克里格(ordinary krig-ing,OK)、规则样条(regularize spline,RS)和张力样条(tension spline,TS)4种插值方法对2006年7月获得的大连湾底栖生物栖息密度的数据进行空间插值处理,并对插值结果的精确度进行交叉验证,分析和比较不同插值方法获得的分布图。结果表明,插值精确度普通克里格>反距离加权>张力样条>规则样条;4种方法均能较客观的模拟出底栖生物栖息密度的分布趋势,但是在整体趋势和局部趋势两方面的综合考虑下,普通克里格的表现效果更好。文章进一步指出,在确定站位数量及分布前提下,插值结果的精确度可以通过选择空间插值方法得以改善,但其根本还是取决于站位布置的数量和其分布合理性。     

Body mass estimations for <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plateosaurus engelhardti</Emphasis> using laser scanning and 3D reconstruction methods

Both body mass and surface area are factors determining the essence of any living organism. This should also hold true for an extinct organism such as a dinosaur. The present report discusses the use of a new 3D laser scanner method to establish body masses and surface areas of an Asian elephant (Zoological Museum of Copenhagen, Denmark) and of Plateosaurus engelhardti, a prosauropod from the Upper Triassic, exhibited at the Paleontological Museum in Tübingen (Germany). This method was used to study the effect that slight changes in body shape had on body mass for P. engelhardti. It was established that body volumes varied between 0.79 m³ (slim version) and 1.14 m³ (robust version), resulting in a presumable body mass of 630 and 912 kg, respectively. The total body surface areas ranged between 8.8 and 10.2 m², of which, in both reconstructions of P. engelhardti, ∼33% account for the thorax area alone. The main difference between the two models is in the tail and hind limb reconstruction. The tail of the slim version has a surface area of 1.98 m², whereas that of the robust version has a surface area of 2.73 m². The body volumes calculated for the slim version were as follows: head 0.006 m³, neck 0.016 m³, fore limbs 0.020 m³, hind limbs 0.08 m³, thoracic cavity 0.533 m³, and tail 0.136 m³. For the robust model, the following volumes were established: 0.01 m³ head, neck 0.026 m³, fore limbs 0.025 m³, hind limbs 0.18 m³, thoracic cavity 0.616 m³, and finally, tail 0.28 m³. Based on these body volumes, scaling equations were used to assess the size that the organs of this extinct dinosaur have.     

人群密度对人群拥挤事故的影响

为了研究公共场所的人群密度与拥挤事故的发生概率.基于连续人群流动模型,从人群密度角度探讨了人群拥挤事故发生的机理.由于不同民族个体生理尺寸的差异,人群最大忍受密度不同,以此作为判断人群拥挤事故的标准,并结合我国情况提出我国人群最大忍受密度为9人/m2.最后模拟了某个拥挤事故场景,用该模型对其进行拥挤事故分析.结果表明,连续人群流动模型可以用于预测拥挤事故的发生,对预防和控制人群拥挤事故具有一定的指导意义.     

WPSTM-TEOMTM-MOUDITM的对比及大气气溶胶密度研究

通过对2005年夏季上海、北京地区大气气溶胶观测中3种不同原理气溶胶分析及采样仪的对比,考察了颗粒物个数浓度粒径分布仪（WPS^TM）、锥形元件振荡微量天平（TEOM^TMTM）在运行中所得数据的可比性.其中TEOM^TM测量PM_2.5质量浓度与WPS^TM计算PM_2.5质量浓度数据的相关系数分别为0.77和0.79,并发现在粗粒子颗粒物比例较高的时段二者相关性分别提高为0.91和0.84.MOUDI^TM分级质量浓度与WPS^TM计算分级质量浓度数据对比显示,除最小粒径分级外其他分级均有较好相关性（R分布在0.76～0.92）.应用2组不同对比数据推测了上海和北京观测点PM_2.5颗粒物密度,研究发现上海采样点颗粒物密度约为1.70 g·cm^-3,而北京采样点颗粒物密度约为1.50 g·cm^-3.     

Experimental investigation of the e ect of flow turbulence and sediment transport patterns on the adsorption of cadmium ions onto sediment particles

The mechanism of flow turbulence,sediment supply conditions,and sediment transport patterns that affect the adsorption of cadmiumions onto sediment particles in natural waters are experimentally simulated and studied both in batch reactors and in a turbulencesimulation tank.By changing the agitation conditions,the sediment transport in batch reactors can be categorized into bottom sediment-dominated sediment and suspended sediment-dominated sediment.It is found that the adsorption rate of bottom sediment is much lessthan that of suspended sediment,but the sediment transport pattern does not affect the final(equilibrium)concentration of dissolvedcadmium.This result indicates that the parameters of an adsorption isotherm are the same regardless of the sediment transport pattern.Inthe turbulence simulation tank,the turbulence is generated by harmonic grid-stirred motions,and the turbulence intensity is quantifiedin terms of eddy diffusivity,which is equal to 9.84F(F is the harmonic vibration frequency)and is comparable to natural surfacewater conditions.When the turbulence intensity of flow is low and sediment particles stay as bottom sediment,the adsorption rateis significantly low,and the adsorption quantity compared with that of suspended sediment is negligible in the 6 h duration of theexperiment.This result greatly favors the simplification of the numerical modeling of heavy metal pollutant transformation in naturalrivers.When the turbulence intensity is high but bottom sediment persists,the rate and extent of descent of the dissolved cadmiumconcentration in the tank noticeably increase,and the time that is required to reach adsorption equilibrium also increases considerablydue to the continuous exchange that occurs between the suspended sediment and the bottom sediment.A comparison of the results ofthe experiments in the batch reactor and those in the turbulence simulation tank reveals that the adsorption ability of the sediment,andin particular the adsorption rate,is greatly over-estimated in the batch reactor.     

垂直流人工湿地系统基质优化级配研究

选取生物陶粒、无烟煤、沸石、钢渣和蛭石为基质,按不同的级配方式填充成基质柱,进行垂直流人工湿地模拟柱净化污水实验.研究表明,粒径分层级配基质对COD的去除率均高于单一粒径基质,其中分层生物陶粒对COD的平均去除率高达72.91%.分层沸石对总氮的净化能力较单一粒径基质有所提高,平均去除率高达91.23%.填充了生物陶粒、沸石和无烟煤的模拟柱对有机物和氮的净化效果和单一基质没有显著性差异(p0.05).填充钢渣和无烟煤的模拟柱出水pH值均在正常范围内,但是除从上到下依次填充无烟煤、蛭石和钢渣的基质柱外,其它填充钢渣和无烟煤的模拟柱对磷素的净化能力都低于单一基质.种植植物对净化效果没有明显影响.在垂直流人工湿地中,针对水质特点选择高效的级配基质,如分层生物陶粒、分层沸石、分层无烟煤以及生物陶粒、沸石和无烟煤组合,在高水力负荷条件下可获得更好的处理效果.     

基于卫星遥感与地面监测分析北京大气NO_2污染特征

分析了1999—2010年北京大气NO2地面质量浓度、2004年以来北京及周边NO2柱浓度的变化.结果表明：1999—2007年来北京大气NO2质量浓度以升高为主.2008年实施奥运空气质量保障措施极大地缓解了北京NO2污染状况,地面质量浓度与垂直柱浓度都出现不同程度的回落.2009年北京大气NO2污染又有所反弹,但低...     

基于ARDL方法分析福建省资源利用与经济增长关系

运用物质流分析方法以及最新发展的自回归分布滞后模型(ARDL),对福建省1990~2008年资源利用和实际GDP二者关系进行检验和分析.采用了物质流分析指标中直接物质投入来表征区域资源利用量.ARDL边界检验结果表明,资源利用和经济增长间存在稳定的长期均衡关系.进一步通过ARDL模型揭示了区域经济增长对资源利用长期弹性系数,其值约为0.73,通过误差修正模型揭示了短期弹性系数,表明了经济增长到资源利用的长期格兰杰因果关系.对福建省经济增长和资源保护战略提出了政策建议.这一研究思路和方法具有普适性,可以适用于其他地区关于资源利用和经济增长的问题的讨论和研究.     

电化学产电菌的分离及性能评价

利用兼性滚管法分离了折流板空气阴极微生物燃料电池(BAFMFC)A、B两格室的阳极生物膜,共获得19株纯菌.将菌株投加至无菌立方型反应器中,检验其产电特性.利用交流阻抗法测量各纯菌电池的内阻,结果显示38个电池的欧姆内阻为25Ω±5Ω,说明了各电池的产电差异来源于菌株本身的活性.其他运行条件均保持不变,在1000Ω外阻下,7株纯菌电池的输出电压在200mV以上.其中,A格室产电活性最高的菌株(A2)产生的最大电压为328mV,输出的最大功率密度为165.1mW/m2,B格室产电活性最高的菌株(B1)最大电压为241mV,最大功率密度为214.4mW/m2.原子力显微镜和脂肪酸快速鉴定表明,A2为肠杆菌科的杆菌,B1为厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌.     

连续流动氢化物发生原子荧光法测定水中硒

文章介绍连续流动一氢化物发生一原子荧光测定水中硒的方法,研究了盐酸浓度、硼氢化钾浓度、灯电流、光电倍增管负高压、泵速、载气和屏蔽气流量等对测定硒的影响,找出测定水中硒最佳条件,在最佳条件下,校准曲线相关系数为0.9999.方法检出限为0.0095μg/L,方法的测量范围为0.038-300μg/L,回收率在91.8%-...