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271.
陕西潼关金矿‘94人工泥石流灾害研究 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
本文研究了1994年7月11日发生在陕西潼关县西峪金矿区,因暴雨引发的人工泥石流所酿成的特大灾难。通过对形成泥石流的地质、地貌、降雨和人为等其他形成的原因进行了分析。提出了今后应加强的预防措施,这对合理开发金矿资源、预防泥石流灾害,有着十分重要的科学意义。 相似文献
272.
273.
John C. Peters 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1983,19(6):913-920
ABSTRACT: The routing of flood waves through the Central Basin of the Passaic River in New Jersey is complex because of flat gradients and flow reversals. The one-dimensional unsteady flow program DWOPER, developed by the National Weather Service, was used to simulate flood wave movement through the Basin. A historical event was used for calibration and two synthetic events were simulated. Boundary conditions consisted of discharge hydrographs at inflow points to the study area, local flow hydrographs at interior points, and a stage discharge relation for flow over the crest of a diversion dam at the basin outlet. Manning's n values were adjusted based on stage and discharge data for the historical event; however, verification data were not available for events comparable in magnitude to the synthetic events. Aspects of the investigation reported include techniques for characterizing the flow system, model calibration, techniques for representing a tunnel diversion, and simulation results. 相似文献
274.
Climatic and stream-flow controls on tree growth in a Western montane riparian forest 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Humans have severely impacted riparian ecosystems through water diversions, impoundments, and consumptive uses. Effective
management of these important areas is becoming an increasingly high priority of land managers, particularly as municipal,
industrial, and recreational demands for water increase. We examined radial tree growth of four riparian tree species (Pinus jeffreyi, Populus trichocarpa, Betula occidentalis, and Pinus monophylla) along Bishop Creek, California, and developed models relating basal area increment (BAI) and relative basal area increment
(RBAI) to climatic and stream flow variables. Between years 1995–1999, univariate regression analysis with stream flow explained
29 to 61% of the variation in BAI and RBAI among all species except P. trichocarpa; growth by P. trichocarpa was not significantly related to stream flows over this period. Stepwise linear regression indicated that species responded
differently to climatic variables, and models based on these variables explained between 33 to 86% of variation in BAI and
RBAI during the decade of the 1990s. We examined branch growth of P. trichocarpa for sensitivity to differences in stream flow regimes and found that annual branch growth did not vary between a high- and
low-flow site, but that annual branch growth was significantly higher in wet years with greater stream flows. Our results
support the establishment of site-specific management goals by land managers that take into account all of the important tree
species present in riparian ecosystems and their differential responses to altered hydrologic condition. Instream flow requirements
for maintaining tree growth and vigor are only one of the species-specific responses that need to be evaluated, and these
assessments should attempt to separate experimentally stream-flow (managed) controls from climatic (unmanaged) controls on
growth. 相似文献
275.
Puneet Srivastava James N. McNair Thomas E. Johnson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(3):545-563
ABSTRACT: The performance of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and artificial neural network (ANN) models in simulating hydrologic response was assessed in an agricultural watershed in southeastern Pennsylvania. All of the performance evaluation measures including Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency (E) and coefficient of determination (R2) suggest that the ANN monthly predictions were closer to the observed flows than the monthly predictions from the SWAT model. More specifically, monthly streamflow E and R2 were 0.54 and 0.57, respectively, for the SWAT model calibration period, and 0.71 and 0.75, respectively, for the ANN model training period. For the validation period, these values were ?0.17 and 0.34 for the SWAT and 0.43 and 0.45 for the ANN model. SWAT model performance was affected by snowmelt events during winter months and by the model's inability to adequately simulate base flows. Even though this and other studies using ANN models suggest that these models provide a viable alternative approach for hydrologic and water quality modeling, ANN models in their current form are not spatially distributed watershed modeling systems. However, considering the promising performance of the simple ANN model, this study suggests that the ANN approach warrants further development to explicitly address the spatial distribution of hydrologic/water quality processes within watersheds. 相似文献
276.
M.S. Bedinger James R. Harrill 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(4):827-839
ABSTRACT: Devils Hole is a collapse depression connected to the regional carbonate aquifer of the Death Valley ground water flow system. Devils Hole pool is home to an endangered pupfish that was threatened when irrigation pumping in nearby Ash Meadows lowered the pool stage in the 1960s. Pumping at Ash Meadows ultimately ceased, and the stage recovered until 1988, when it began to decline, a trend that continued until at least 2004. Regional ground water pumping and changes in recharge are considered the principal potential stresses causing long term stage changes. A regression was found between pumpage and Devils Hole water levels. Though precipitation in distant mountain ranges is the source of recharge to the flow system, the stage of Devils Hole shows small change in stage from 1937 to 1963, a period during which ground water withdrawals were small and the major stress on stage would have been recharge. Multiple regression analyses, made by including the cumulative departure from normal precipitation with pumpage as independent variables, did not improve the regression. Drawdown at Devils Hole was calculated by the Theis Equation for nearby pumping centers to incorporate time delay and drawdown attenuation. The Theis drawdowns were used as surrogates for pumpage in multiple regression analyses. The model coefficient for the regression, R2= 0.982, indicated that changes in Devils Hole were largely due to effects of pumping at Ash Meadows, Amargosa Desert, and Army 1. 相似文献
277.
Donald M. Anderson Mark W. Rodney 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2006,42(5):1391-1403
ABSTRACT: Efforts are under way to recover habitat for several threatened and endangered species in and along the Platte River in central Nebraska. A proposed recovery program for these species requires a means of characterizing “wet” versus “normal” versus “dry” hydrologic conditions in order to set corresponding Platte River instream flow targets. Methods of characterizing hydrologic conditions in real time were investigated for this purpose. Initially, 10 watershed variables were identified as potentially valuable indicators of hydrologic conditions. Ultimately, six multiple linear regression equations were developed for six periods of the year using a subset of these variables expressed as frequencies of nonexceedence. The adequacy of these equations for characterizing conditions was assessed by evaluating their historic correlation to subsequent flow in the central Platte River (1947–1994). These equations explained 54 to 82 percent of variability in the observed flow exceedences in the validation datasets, depending upon the period of year evaluated. These equations will provide initial criteria for setting applicable flow targets to determine, in real time, whether water regulation projects associated with the species recovery effort can divert or store flows without conflicting with recovery objectives. 相似文献
278.
ThewesternregionsofChina (orWestChina)include 1 2 provinces/autonomousre gions/municipalities:Qinghai,Gansu ,Shaanxi,Sichuan ,Yunnan ,Guizhou ,Xinjiang ,Ti bet ,Ningxia ,Guangxi,InnerMongoliaandChongqing .SincethePleistoceneoftheQuater naryPeriod ,themountainsinthewe… 相似文献
279.
Development of Stream Water Chemistry during Spring Melt in a Northern Hardwood Forest 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Semkin R. G. Hazlett P. W. Beall F. D. Jeffries D. S. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(1):37-61
The role of snowmelt and subsurface hydrology in determiningthe chemistry of a small headwater stream in the TurkeyLakes Watershed (TLW) was evaluated for the spring meltperiods 1992 to 1996. Spring runoff is the dominanthydrological event at the TLW each year. Processesoccurring within the snowpack during snowmelt wereprincipally responsible for the above-ground changes inchemical fluxes relative to bulk deposition (the effect ofwinter throughfall was minimal). Large changes in chemicalfluxes occurred below ground. Organic matter decomposition,weathering, nitrification, and element cycling are some ofthe more important below-ground processes that operateduring the snow accumulation and ablation season and controlthe composition of the water ultimately appearing in thestream. Maximum stream discharge was accompanied byelevated concentrations of H+, NO3
-, K+,NH4
+, DOC, Al and Mn, but reduced levels ofCa2+, Mg2+, SO4
2- and SiO2. Theconcentration-discharge relationships were consistent withwater movement through and above the forest floor duringpeak discharge, a flowpath facilitated by rapid infiltrationof meltwater and the existence of a relatively impermeablelayer in the mineral soil creating a perched water table. Averaged over the five periods of snow accumulation andablation, it was estimated that pre-melt stream flow, andwater routed through the forest floor and through the uppermineral soil contributed 9, 28 and 63%, respectively, ofthe discharge measured at the outlet of the catchment. Theforest floor contribution would be greater at peak dischargeand at higher elevations. An end-member mixing modelestimated concentrations of SO4
2-, NO3
-,Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and Al that werecomparable to average values measured in the stream. Othervariables (NH4
+, H+, K+ and DOC) wereover-estimated implying retention mechanisms operatingoutside the model assumptions. 相似文献
280.
氰化物测定机理的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究了酒石酸-硝酸锌法提取易释放氰化物,磷酸-EDTA提取总氰的机理;对异烟酸-吡唑啉酮光度法测定氰化物的条件作了探讨。 相似文献