密相塔半干法烟气脱硫塔内加湿降温及其对脱硫效率的影响

为了实现密相塔半干法脱硫工艺的精确加湿进一步提高系统脱硫效率,利用推导出的传热传质计算方法,得到烟气温度降低和加水量的关系.结合3组密相塔半干法工程实际数据,发现理论计算值和实测值误差区间仅为2.9%~5.4%.通过选取河北某钢厂210 m2烧结烟气密相塔半干法脱硫项目实际在线检测数据,发现循环脱硫灰含湿量为3%的系统脱硫效率整体高于含湿量为5%和4%的样品,最大值达93.56%.通过粒度分析、扫描电镜、X射线衍射及差热-热重对2种不同含湿量的循环脱硫灰进行表征,结果表明,含湿量为3%的循环脱硫灰较含湿量为5%的样品粒径小、比表面积大,无团聚现象,物相分析还证实相对于含湿量为5%样品,其Ca(OH)2和结晶水含量少,几乎都是CaSO4和CaSO3干态物质,因此脱硫反应进行彻底,脱硫效率较高.     

Thermodynamic investigation and hydrate inhibition of real gas flow through orifice during depressurization

A thermodynamic procedure has been proposed which can be used to predict the gas pressure, temperature and flow rate through orifice upon chock flow condition, using equation of state (EOS). The procedure applied for emergency depressurization operation incorporating the Peng-Robinson EOS and validated by comparing flow rates of a multi-component hydrocarbon gas mixture for thirteen experimental cases. The average absolute deviations of the predicted flow rates for orifice discharge coefficients of 0.85 and 0.9, are 7.36% and 2.03%, respectively. The corresponding error for API 520 (American Petroleum Institute Recommendation Practice 520) method is 6.91%. In this work, the hydrate formation temperature and hydrate inhibitor type and its required weight fraction for preventing the hydrate formation upon orifice and its upstream conditions are evaluated by the EZ-Thermo software using the Moshfeghian–Maddox method. The results qualitatively show that the hydrate prevention is essential for the safety of the operation due to low temperature condition.     

芦苇碳源-表面流人工湿地对农田退水脱氮的长期效能研究

针对农田退水NO₃^--N占比高、C/N低,氮污染难以去除的问题,将经济易得的芦苇(Phragmites australis)茎叶碎段装填在表面流人工湿地(packed surface flow construct wetland,PSFW)的表层作为外加碳源,以研究其长期运行情况下的脱氮效能。结果表明：第29~149天,外加芦苇茎叶碎段的PSFW的脱氮效能明显高于无芦苇茎叶碎段的空白PSFW₀;进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(16.4±1.0)和(17.7±2.0)mg/L,HRT按3、4和2 d运行时,HRT为4 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN去除率分别为(87.4±6.0)%和(74.1±6.0)%,PSFW₀去除率仅为(14.4±4.0)%和(14.4±3.0)%;第150~269天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍高于PSFW₀,在进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(10.4±1.0)和(10.8±1.0)mg/L,HRT按3、2和1 d运行时,HRT为3 d时脱氮效能最优,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN的去除率分别为(91.9±7.0)%和(90.2±7.0)%,PSFW₀去除率分别为(91.3±5.0)%和(86.4±6.0)%。第270~334天,PSFW的脱氮效能稍低于PSFW₀;进水NO₃^--N和TN浓度分别为(5.7±0.4)和(7.2±0.8)mg/L,HRT为3 d时,PSFW对NO₃^--N和TN的去除率分别为(88.6±10.0)%和(82.5±7.0)%,PSFW₀去除率分别为(94.0±6.0)%和(87.8±3.0)%。     

土地资源的多级网格数据结构建立与应用研究

传统的基于行政区的土地统计数据不能完全表现区域内部土地利用的空间分异特征,以武汉市为实验区,对基于网格的统计信息算法STING(Statistical Information Grid-based method)进行扩展,以景观多样性指数为定量化指标对实验区进行四叉树划分生成不均匀多级网格,建立一种拟合了行政区划界线的不均匀的多级网格结构来存储、管理和分析土地数据。并以此多级网格数据结构为平台计算和生成实验区人口密度空间分异渲染图,初步抽取了人口分布与土地利用之间的关系。实验表明,基于多级网格的统计方法能更好地表达土地利用及其相关数据的空间分异性,利于对土地资源数据的进一步挖掘以抽取所需知识。     

采场通风方式与瓦斯运移规律研究

采场是煤矿生产的核心地带,而采场通风系统是确保采场作业安全,创造良好生产环境的重要环节。本文以采场风流流动及瓦斯运移理论为基础,通过现场试验、模型模拟试验及计算机模拟研究等方法,着重研究了中国常用的和有发展前途的走向长壁后退式U型通风方式、U+L型通曲方式、后退式Y型通风方式条件下采场风流流动及瓦斯运移规律。     

Modeling Parent and Metabolite Fate and Transport in Subsurface Drained Fields With Directly Connected Macropores1

Abstract: Few studies exist that evaluate or apply pesticide transport models based on measured parent and metabolite concentrations in fields with subsurface drainage. Furthermore, recent research suggests pesticide transport through exceedingly efficient direct connections, which occur when macropores are hydrologically connected to subsurface drains, but this connectivity has been simulated at only one field site in Allen County, Indiana. This research evaluates the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) in simulating the transport of a parent compound and its metabolite at two subsurface drained field sites. Previous research used one of the field sites to test the original modification of the RZWQM to simulate directly connected macropores for bromide and the parent compound, but not for the metabolite. This research will evaluate RZWQM for parent/metabolite transformation and transport at this first field site, along with evaluating the model at an additional field site to evaluate whether the parameters for direct connectivity are transferable and whether model performance is consistent for the two field sites with unique soil, hydrologic, and environmental conditions. Isoxaflutole, the active ingredient in BALANCE^® herbicide, was applied to both fields. Isoxaflutole rapidly degrades into a metabolite (RPA 202248). This research used calibrated RZWQM models for each field based on observed subsurface drain flow and/or edge of field conservative tracer concentrations in subsurface flow. The calibrated models for both field sites required a portion (approximately 2% but this fraction may require calibration) of the available water and chemical in macropore flow to be routed directly into the subsurface drains to simulate peak concentrations in edge of field subsurface drain flow shortly after chemical applications. Confirming the results from the first field site, the existing modification for directly connected macropores continually failed to predict pesticide concentrations on the recession limbs of drainage hydrographs, suggesting that the current strategy only partially accounts for direct connectivity. Thirty‐year distributions of annual mass (drainage) loss of parent and metabolite in terms of percent of isoxaflutole applied suggested annual simulated percent losses of parent and metabolite (3.04 and 1.31%) no greater in drainage than losses in runoff on nondrained fields as reported in the literature.     

揭开武汉东湖蓝藻水华消失之谜

水华（亦称湖靛）是湖泊富营养化最恶劣的表征之一。武汉东湖７０年代至１９８４年间每年夏季出现蓝藻水华,１９８５年起突然消失,至今已有１４年没有重现,原因何在？通过三次设在湖里的围隔试验,证明鲢鳙的大量放养,是水华消失的决定性因素。     

基于密度泛函理论模拟单壁碳纳米管对五种核酸碱基的吸附

基于密度泛函理论,模拟了单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)对5种碱基的吸附作用.考察了SWNTs直径、电荷转移量、碱基最高占据分子轨道能(EHOMO)和最低未占据分子轨道能(ELUMO)与SWNTs吸附碱基的吸附能之间的关系.结果表明,随着SWNTs直径的增大,SWNTs吸附碱基的吸附能降低.SWNT(6,6)吸附5种碱基的最低吸附能Emin与由碱基转移到SWNTs的电荷转移量(Q)及碱基的EHOMO线性负相关,相关系数分别为-0.966和-0.804(P<0.05).吸附后SWNTs与碱基的前线轨道无重叠,且SWNTs电子结构未受影响,表明吸附行为属于物理吸附.     

思茅市三家村农户庭园系统的能流和经济流研究

通过对三家村 6种农户庭园模式进行能流和经济流的系统研究 ,得出三家村 6种农户庭园系统的能量投入为 (98.4 8～ 174 .4 5 )× 10 10 J·hm-2 ,能量产出为 (10 1.6 6～ 15 8.5 2 )× 10 10 J·hm-2 ,能量产投比为(0 .88～ 1.4 1)∶1,并且以种植业为主的农户庭园 (模式Ⅰ、Ⅱ )的能量产投比高于以养殖业和副业为主的农户庭园系统 (模式Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ ) ;三家村 6种农户庭园模式的经济产投比为 (1.0 0～ 1.35 )∶1,其高低次序是Ⅵ >Ⅶ >Ⅰ >Ⅱ >Ⅴ >Ⅸ ,6种农户庭园模式的经济产出为 2 32 7.9～ 980 3.4元。因此 ,三家村农户庭园系统是一个能量和经济的高投入高产出的人工生态系统     

典型城市道路交通加密监测点大气污染特征及影响因素

基于“十四五”生态环境监测要求,针对目前国内城市道路交通加密监测点大气污染特征及影响因素相对缺乏这一问题,以移动源为主要大气污染来源的甘肃省兰州市为例,在典型道路两侧不同点位、不同高度监测6种常规大气污染物浓度及气象参数,同时获取道路车流量和车型信息,探究其大气污染特征及影响因素。结果表明：道路两侧及道路同侧不同高度处大气污染物监测浓度均存在差异。PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度随高度升高而逐渐降低,在2 m高度处最高,SO₂、NO₂、CO、O₃浓度均呈现随高度先升高再降低的趋势,在4 m高度处最高。SO₂、NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO小时浓度在05:00—09:00达到峰值,在15:00—17:00达到谷值;而O₃小时浓度峰谷值的时间恰好相反。NO₂、CO浓度受车流量影响较大,代表时段NO₂浓度与重型货车流量表现出极强的相关性,CO浓度与小型客车流量表现出强相关性。监测时段6种污染物日均浓度与相对湿度均呈负相关;NO₂、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、CO日均浓度与风速均呈负相关,O₃日均浓度与风速呈正相关。