医疗垃圾集中焚烧烟气污染物净化技术述评

论述了医疗垃圾焚烧烟气中主要污染物的来源、危害和净化技术,结合国内引进日本某焚烧线项目工程设计和生产实践,对医疗垃圾焚烧烟气的处理工艺进行了介绍和评述。     

添加钝化剂对猪粪好氧堆肥过程中理化特性的影响

以猪粪和玉米秸秆粉为堆肥原料,通过添加不同用量的重金属钝化剂(粉煤灰、风化煤或膨润土)进行90d的好氧堆肥,研究钝化剂的种类和添加比例对堆肥理化特性的影响.结果表明:所有处理的堆体温度均能迅速升至近70℃,并维持在55℃以上超过一周;随着堆肥时间的延长,各处理堆体含水量逐渐降低,并在90d后达到30%左右,但添加膨润土能减少一次发酵期水分的损失;添加风化煤会导致堆体pH呈现较强的碱性,而添加膨润土会显著提高堆体EC值;随着堆制时间的延长,堆体Cu、Zn全量逐渐增加,但DTPA提取态Cu、Zn所占的比例则逐渐减小;对照处理和添加风化煤的各处理中,雪里蕻种子的发芽率最终均达到90%以上,GI约1.0左右;而在添加膨润土和粉煤灰的各处理中,到90d堆肥结束,发芽率最高仅达80%,仅有2.5%和5.0%添加比例(质量分数,下同)的处理中GI大于0.5,且GI的增加趋势随着膨润土和粉煤灰的添加比例增加而降低.研究表明,钝化剂的添加比例和种类对猪粪好氧堆肥中堆体温度和含水率变化无显著影响;虽然堆肥过程添加重金属钝化对堆肥重金属Cu、Zn有良好的钝化作用,但对堆体的pH和EC影响较为剧烈,对雪里蕻种子的根系生长也有一定的影响.在堆肥中应合理选择钝化剂的种类和添加比例.     

铬渣污染土壤稳定化技术研究

选用3种不同类型的铬渣污染土壤(A土、B土和C土)作为研究对象,探讨了6种稳定化药剂对污染土壤中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原效果,并研究了不同药剂对各形态Cr稳定化效果。结果表明:FeSO4和Na2S对Cr(Ⅵ)都有很好的还原效果,葡萄糖次之,Na2SO3效果一般,柠檬酸和腐植酸效果不好;FeSO4和Na2S对B土、C土中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率达到90%以上,对A土中Cr(Ⅵ)的还原率则低于85%;稳定化药剂主要是将酸可提取态Cr转化为其他形态,FeSO4效果最明显,可将80%以上的酸可提取态Cr转化为其他形态,主要为可还原态Cr;葡萄糖主要将之转化为可氧化态Cr;鉴于FeSO4的良好的还原效果,选择FeSO4作为稳定化药剂,且FeSO4添加量为理论投加量的20时较合适,浸出液可以满足地下水三级标准的50μg/L;经济性分析,处理1t清洗后土壤的药品费用为8.91元。     

强化混凝处理制革废水的优化研究

对皮革废水混凝处理的条件进行优化,分别采用FeSO4·7H2O和阳离子聚丙烯酰胺作为混凝剂和助凝剂,以COD、总铬和硫化物为指标,设计正交试验确定强化混凝处理皮革废水的最优条件并进行验证性试验。结果表明:当FeSO4·7H2O投加量为1800mg/L,阳离子聚丙烯酰胺投加量为7.5mg/L,pH为10,混凝效果最好,对COD、总铬和硫化物的平均去除率分别为14.92%、99.40%和99.71%。     

Oxidation of diesel soot on binary oxide CuCr(Co)-based monoliths

Binary oxide systems(Cu Cr2O4, Cu Co2O4), deposited onto cordierite monoliths of honeycomb structure with a second support(finely dispersed Al2O3), were prepared as filters for catalytic combustion of diesel soot using internal combustion engine’s gas exhausts(O2, NOx, H2 O, CO2) and O3 as oxidizing agents. It is shown that the second support increases soot capacity of aforementioned filters, and causes dispersion of the particles of spinel phases as active components enhancing thereby catalyst activity and selectivity of soot combustion to CO2. Oxidants used can be arranged with reference to decreasing their activity in a following series: O3 NO2> H2 O > NO > O2> CO2. Ozone proved to be the most efficient oxidizing agent: the diesel soot combustion by O3 occurs intensively(in the presence of copper chromite based catalyst) even at closing to ambient temperatures.Results obtained give a basis for the conclusion that using a catalytic coating on soot filters in the form of aforementioned binary oxide systems and ozone as the initiator of the oxidation processes is a promising approach in solving the problem of comprehensive purification of automotive exhaust gases at relatively low temperatures, known as the "cold start" problem.     

不同织物构造PPS滤料对PM2.5的过滤特性影响分析

针对纤维细度、纤维横截面形状、面层后处理工艺对PM2.5的过滤效率及阻力的影响问题,分别选用1#面层含100％ 2.22 dtex PPS纤维经PTFE浸渍、2#面层含50％ PPS细纤维不经PTFE浸渍、3#面层含50％ PPS细纤维经PTFE浸渍、4#面层含50％ PPS三叶形纤维不经PTFE浸渍、5#面层含50％ PPS三叶形纤维经PTFE浸渍、6#面层PTFE覆膜、7#面层含50％ PPS细纤维和50％ PTFE超细纤维的7种PPS滤料进行过滤性能试验.在环境气溶胶中,采用清洁滤料进行过滤试验研究.结果表明,1 m/min风速下对PM2.5的过滤效率从大到小为6#(81％)、7#(80％)、3#(76％)、5#(72％)、1#(63％)、2#(47％)、4#(41％),各因素中PTFE乳液浸渍后处理工艺的影响最为显著,面层纤维采用细纤维截面设计和三叶形截面设计都能有效增加滤料对PM2.5的过滤效率.过滤阻力方面,6#覆膜滤料随过滤风速增大阻力迅速上升;其他6种滤料的阻力较接近,上升缓慢.过滤品质因数Q值方面,相对于常规滤料,面层中混入细纤维或三叶形纤维滤料的Q增大;提高面层中细纤维比例,也能使Q增大;覆膜滤料效率虽高,但阻力较大,Q最小.     

Oxidation of diesel soot on binary oxide CuCr(Co)-based monoliths

Binary oxide systems (CuCr₂O₄, CuCo₂O₄), deposited onto cordierite monoliths of honeycomb structure with a second support (finely dispersed Al₂O₃), were prepared as filters for catalytic combustion of diesel soot using internal combustion engine's gas exhausts (O₂, NO_x, H₂O, CO₂) and O₃ as oxidizing agents. It is shown that the second support increases soot capacity of aforementioned filters, and causes dispersion of the particles of spinel phases as active components enhancing thereby catalyst activity and selectivity of soot combustion to CO₂. Oxidants used can be arranged with reference to decreasing their activity in a following series: O₃ ? NO₂ > H₂O > NO > O₂ > CO₂. Ozone proved to be the most efficient oxidizing agent: the diesel soot combustion by O₃ occurs intensively (in the presence of copper chromite based catalyst) even at closing to ambient temperatures. Results obtained give a basis for the conclusion that using a catalytic coating on soot filters in the form of aforementioned binary oxide systems and ozone as the initiator of the oxidation processes is a promising approach in solving the problem of comprehensive purification of automotive exhaust gases at relatively low temperatures, known as the “cold start” problem.     

Advances in research on haloalkane dehalogenases and its sulfur mustard degradation function北大核心CSCD

Sulfur Mustard (bis-(2-chloroethyl) sulphide, HD), also known as yperite, is one of the most important blister agents. It could react with a large number of biological molecules with a strong cytotoxicity effect, resulting in blistering, erosion and necrosis of the skin and various tissues. Recently, several classes of microbial enzymes have been found to be able to degrade HD with high catalytic activity but no disadvantages of the common chemical decontamination of HD. Haloalkane dehalogenases (HLDs, EC3.8.1.5) draws great research attention for environmentally friendly decontaminating HD with only nontoxic thiodiglycol produced. In order to provide theoretical reference basis for enzymatic decontamination of HD, this paper reviews the observation and evolutionary relationship, structures, substrate specificities, catalytic properties and potential applications of these HLDs with high catalytic hydrolysis of HD. The analysis shows that these HLDs belonging to the same subfamily have different substrate specificities but similar spatial structures of the catalytic triad contributing to the common SN2 nucleophilic substitution reaction mechanism for catalytic hydrolysis of HD. The paper also suggests that the problems on improving poor stability of HLDs and efficiency of catalytic hydrolysis of HD should be addressed by methods of molecular biology, genetic engineering and immobilized techniques.     

应用于Anammox-MBR的尼龙织布亲水改性研究

采用聚乙烯醇（PVA）对尼龙织布表面涂覆改性，对改性前后织布进行表征并进行纯水通量测试，随后以牛血清蛋白（BSA）模拟污染物测试尼龙织布改性前后的抗污染性能，并对改性后的织布进行溶解性有机碳（DOC）浸出实验.改性过程中，优选3%涂覆浓度和250μm涂层厚度，改性后织布的纯水通量值约提高85.0%，对BSA的截留率由6.0%±0.5%上升至7.2%±0.7%，通量恢复率由90.0%提高到96.1%，可逆污染比重上升，不可逆污染比重下降，污染形式主要表现为可逆污染.为避免改性尼龙织布应用于厌氧氨氧化-膜生物反应器（Anammox-MBR）时对厌氧氨氧化反应产生不可逆危害，提出应对制备完成的改性尼龙织布进行为期3d及以上的静态清水浸泡或动态浸出处理.     

服装面料选取时难降解成分鉴定分析研究

当前面料中难降解成分对环境造成很大程度污染,在服装面料选取时,为避免难降解面料的使用,提出基于近红外光谱的面料难降解成分鉴定分析方法.通过分析服装面料中难降解成分对环境的影响,提取面料中难降解成分,得出三种成分类型,通过对不同成分造成环境污染程度进行鉴定分析,完成服装面料选取时难降解成分的鉴定.实验结果表明,该方法误差控制在-0.2~0.2范围内,能够准确鉴定出服装面料中难降解成分,为降低环境污染提供了有效帮助.