浅谈防静电织物的应用及发展前景

本文描述了静电产生的原因和静电现象,分析了静电给一些行业造成的危害。并从个体防护的层面阐述了如何消除静电,同时还分析了防静电纤维的发展趋势,并对防静电服装的穿着进行了阐述。     

室内织物火灾烟气危害性分析

室内织物因其容易点燃、燃烧速度快、蔓延迅速等燃烧特性,对室内火灾的发生、发展蔓延及火灾危害都有重要影响.在低强度热源加热条件下,研究了几种常见室内织物如牛仔裤、化纤运动裤、棉布床单、混合织物等温度变化、火灾烟气危害性及喷水对热解烟气的影响.结果表明,棉类织物在低强度火源引燃后烟气毒害成分主要为CO、NOx、SO2,3种毒性气体在7～ 10 min超过人体允许极限值,喷水降低了烟气毒性成分的生成速度与生成量,如牛仔裤热解烟气中CO、SO2的超标时间分别增加了约4min、7 min,NOx则未超标;化纤类织物热解气体超标主要毒性成分为CO、SO2,喷水有利于化纤等聚合物熔融物的流动,在一定程度上反而加快了热量传递,热分解速度加快,有毒有害气体的生成量和产生速度增加.如加水后化纤运动裤热解烟气中,CO超标时间提前了10 min,SO2、NOx烟气也在20 min左右出现了超标情况.     

印染集中区水网络优化研究

耗水量大、水环境污染严重是印染集中区的一个突出问题.本文建立水网络数学模型,对印染集中区用水排水网络进行系统规划,该模型以集中区总成本最低为目标函数,模拟了以多级组合工艺为特点的污水处理设施数学模型.运用该模型对东北某印染集中区水网络进行设计和优化改进,在保证废水达标排放、成本最低的条件下,构建了企业内及企业间最佳回用网络,确定了污水处理设施工艺最优方案,并明确各级处理工艺中不同品质的处理水回用集中区企业的最优途径,为集中区内污水处理设施提标改造计划提供参考.研究结果表明：该模型在工业集中区或工业园用水规划及废水减量方面具有实用价值和较好的应用前景.     

长江中游现代河流沉积物磁组构参数值特征研究

对长江中游簿洲湾一带不同类型河段(平直和弯曲)、不同水文环境(高滩、低滩、心滩)沉积物磁组构参数特征的系统取样、测量和统计分析结果表明：1)平直河段沉积物的磁化率各向异性参数的K、P、F、Fs、T以及E的统计平均值均比弯曲河段处相应磁组构参数值略偏大。而q、L的统计平均值却比弯曲河段河流沉积物的相应磁组构值略偏小；2)平直河段各向异性量值椭球长轴磁偏角方向明显，其与水流作用方向具有很好的一致性。而在弯曲河段各向异性量值椭球长轴磁偏角的方向分散，反映了在弯曲河段处水流具有方向多变的特点；3)从河流高滩、低滩到心滩沉积物的磁化率各向异性参数P、F、Fs、T、E的统计平均值均具有从小逐渐变大，而磁基质颗粒度q、磁线理L却从大逐渐变小的变化趋势。这一特点与溃口、高水位时沉积环境不稳定，水流方向多变的、沉积物分选性差的特点是一致的。研究结果对研究古河道的演化、变迁、古河道的识别确定具有重要的意义。     

烟气脱硫液中共存离子对汞稳定化的影响

利用湿法烟气脱硫技术(Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization,WFGD)同步除汞被认为是最经济的燃煤烟气脱汞方式,但进入脱硫液的Hg~(2+)易被还原并再次释放进入大气,造成二次污染.针对这一问题,本研究选择了常用的Na2S、三巯基均三嗪三钠盐(TMT)、二硫代氨基甲酸盐(DTC)等系列重捕剂,考察了投加量对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响,并筛选出了去除效果较好的3种类型重捕剂,探究了脱硫液中主要的阴阳离子(SO_2-4、NO-3、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+))及重金属离子等共存离子对Hg~(2+)去除效果的影响.结果表明:Na2S、TMT类重捕剂TMT-18和DTC类重捕剂DTCR-2的去除效果相对较好;SO_2-4、NO-3会抑制TMT-18和Na2S对Hg~(2+)的去除,对DTCR-2稍有促进作用;Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)对TMT-18去除Hg~(2+)有促进作用,而对Na2S有抑制作用;重金属离子会抑制重捕剂对Hg~(2+)的去除效果,Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对Hg~(2+)螯合去除效果的影响较Ni~(2+)和Zn~(2+)要大,随着Cu~(2+)和Pb~(2+)浓度的增加,DTCR-2对Hg~(2+)的去除显著降低,Cu~(2+)浓度的影响尤为显著.本研究可为解决Hg~(2+)在脱硫液中的还原再释放及二次污染问题,同时也为湿法烟气脱硫同时脱汞的工业应用提供理论依据.     

Validation of a questionnaire about the perception of occupational biohazard in Spanish companies

Objectives. The aim of this work was to develop, validate and test a new questionnaire to assess the biological risk in workers with intentional or unintentional exposure to biological agents. Methods. A questionnaire including 34 questions was developed to study the perception of workers against occupational biohazard. Content Validity Index (CVI) and Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were calculated for the analysis of content validity. A pilot study was carried out with 60 workers from 17 companies performing analysis of Cronbach's α to assess the internal consistency or reliability. Results. A total of 518 workers from 51 Spanish companies in which there is exposure to biological agents participated in the study yielding a response rate of 90%. The final questionnaire obtained a Cronbach's α > 0.759 with a stable test–retest result. The questionnaire validation demonstrates that it could be used to evaluate the biological risks and help the prevention of occupational accidents and diseases. Discussion. This study has validated the need to evaluate worker's perception against occupational risks, as well as the application of prevention methods and protective equipment. It is a first step towards developing an occupational biohazards assessment method including all the requirements set by the European Health and Safety Strategy 2013–2020.     

生物修复制剂在溢油污染海岸线中的应用

生物修复制剂是解决溢油污染的"终极策略"。常见的生物修复制剂主要包括生物强化制剂和生物刺激制剂。在实验室条件下,生物强化制剂能有效提高石油污染物的生物降解效率,然而并不能证明生物强化制剂在现场应用时的有效性。然而,大量实验室和现场研究表明,生物刺激制剂能有效地促进石油污染物的生物降解,并且生物刺激效果好于生物添加效果。生物刺激制剂的选择依赖于受污染环境的特性和营养剂本身的特性。如果营养释放速率能够得到有效地控制,缓释肥料是最为理想的营养源。水溶性肥料在低能、细砂质、水动力有限的海岸线更为有效;亲脂性肥料更适于高能、粗砂质的海滩或者有较少露岩的地区。     

Workers’ exposure to electric fields during the task ‘maintenance of an operating device of circuit breaker from a service platform’ at 110-kV substations

The objective of the study was to investigate occupational exposure to electric fields during the task ‘maintenance of an operating device of circuit breaker from a service platform’ at 110-kV substations. The aim was also to compare the results to Directive 2013/35/EU. At 16 substations, 255 electric field measurements were performed. The highest mean value of the electric fields was 9.6?kV?m^?1. At 63% of substations the maximum values were over 10.0?kV?m^?1, and at 31% of the substations the 75th percentiles were over 10.0?kV?m^?1, which is the low action level (AL) according to Directive 2013/35/EU. All measured values were below the high AL (20.0?kV?m^?1). In the future, it is important to take into account that the measurements were only taken at Finnish 110-kV substations; therefore, it is not possible to generalize these results to other countries and different types of substations.     

Phytoavaelability and extractability of copper and zinc in calcareous soil amended with composted Urban wastes

Abstract

A greenhouse experiment was conducted under simulated field conditions using large‐capacity plastic pots, filled each one with 25 kg of air‐dried calcareous soil. Besides the control, four treatments were prepared by applying separately two rates (20 and 80 Mg ha^‐1) of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost, and co‐composted municipal solid waste and sewage sludge (MSW‐SS). Lettuce was planted and harvested 2.5 months later. The application of composted urban wastes tended to increase Cu concentration in lettuce with respect to the control, but it was only significant when the higher rate of MSW compost was applied. The control showed values of Zn concentration in plant within a deficient range. In general, composted urban wastes treatments had increased Zn concentration values, which were within the sufficiency range. Both treatments with MSW compost increased Cu and Zn uptake in comparison with MSW‐SS co‐compost treatments. At the postharvest, all composted urban wastes treatments increased significantly DTPA‐extractable Cu content in soil with respect to the control; it was also significant the increase in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Cu in soil produced by the addition of the higher rate of MSW compost. The application of composted urban wastes increased significantly DTPA‐extractable and AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable Zn contents in soil versus the control, except for the lower rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost. The values of DTPA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu and Zn were under 10%, except for the treatment applying the higher rate of MSW compost which promoted higher values. The values of AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Cu were above 10% in all treatments including the control. This tendency was also observed in AAAc‐EDTA‐extractable/total ratio for Zn when applying both rates of MSW compost or the higher rate of MSW‐SS co‐compost.     

温度对ANAMMOX生物膜工艺的脱氮影响与菌群结构分析

针对厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)工艺常低温运行问题,分别采用无纺布与改性聚氨酯泡沫塑料填料序批式生物膜反应器(sequence batch biofilm reactor,SBBR)处理含氮污水,考察了从35℃降至15℃过程的脱氮效果.结果表明,在进水氮容积负荷...