表面活性剂改性活性炭对阳离子染料的吸附

以阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)为改性剂对粉末活性炭(AC)改性,研究了SDS在活性炭表面的吸附稳定性,用比表面积测定仪、Zeta电位测定仪对改性前后活性炭进行表征,并将其用于吸附模拟废水中的阳离子染料。结果表明,改性剂SDS浓度等于临界胶束浓度时,改性后活性炭(SDS-AC)对SDS吸附稳定,SDS在纯水和染料溶液中的解吸率分别为19.4%和1.6%。pH对活性炭吸附阳离子橙染料影响较小,SDS-AC和AC对染料的吸附平衡时间分别为4 h和12 h,SDS-AC和AC对阳离子橙染料的吸附动力学模型符合拟二级反应模型,吸附等温线更符合Langmuir吸附等温方程,SDS-AC对阳离子橙染料的最大吸附量较AC提高47.8%,SDS-AC对阳离子橙染料的吸附机制为物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用下的单分子层吸附,其中化学吸附是主要控速步骤。     

Pesticide decontamination from fabric by laundering and simulated weathering1

Abstract

This laboratory study investigated the effectiveness of selected detergents and the phenomenon of simulated environmental conditions (weathering) on the removal of a commercial‐grade mixture of parathion and methyl parathion from a three‐layer laminated fabric. The weathering treatment consisted of exposure and non‐exposure to simulated environmental conditions of heat, light, and humidity. Contaminated fabric samples were laundered in one of three detergents containing an anionic, a nonionic, and a combined anionic and nonionic surfactant. The test fabric, a three‐layer fabric containing an impermeable microporous film laminated between two layers of nylon, was pipette‐contaminated with 400 microliters of field strength pesticide solution and allowed to dry. Half of the contaminated samples were weathered in an Atlas Fade‐Ometer. All of the contaminated samples were subsequently laundered in a Launder‐Ometer. Percent of pesticide residue was determined by gas chromatography. Weathering did significantly reduce both parathion and methyl parathion residues remaining in the test fabric. No statistically significant difference was found among the three detergents. High amounts of both parathion and methyl parathion remained in the test fabric after weathering and laundry treatments. Before the test fabric can be recommended for use in protective garments further research is needed to develop more effective decontamination procedures.     

地表水中阴离子表面活性剂测定方法的优化研究

通过对国标方法的研究,结合分析实践,针对地表水样品的特点,提出了优化分析方法。实验证明,该方法简化了操作步骤,提高了分析效率,准确度、精密度和最低检出浓度均满足质控要求。     

多环芳烃生物修复中的表面活性剂

由于其致癌、致突变和致畸性，多环芳烃(PAHs)成为环境中一类重要的有机污染物。生物修复是一种经济和有效的修复污染土壤的方法。由于PAHs低的水溶性、强的吸附性，使其生物可利用性降低，不利于生物修复。添加表面活性剂是一种常见的加强PAHs生物利用性的方法。文章概述了近年来在多环芳烃生物修复中关于表面活性剂的研究进展。     

Assessment of the Pulmonary Toxicity of Inhaled Gases and Particles With Physicochemical Methods

Abstract

Physicochemical techniques used for evaluating the pulmonary surfactant (PS) quality are discussed as methods useful in assessing toxicity of inhaled gases and particles. Two standard devices, Langmuir-Wilhelmy film balance and pulsating bubble apparatus, are presented in detail, and the measured results of interaction between sulfuric acid and 2 models of PS material are analyzed. The evident decrease in surface activity of the pulmonary surfactant after its contact with the acid at concentrations approaching 0.001 M may be considered as an indicator of the adverse effect, which can result in several health problems. The presented approach can be used as a method of assessing pulmonary toxicity of any substances present in the breathing air.     

Extinguishing pool fires with aqueous ferrocene dispersions containing gemini surfactants

The objective of the present study was to explore the relationship between the dispersibility and fire-extinguishing capability of aqueous ferrocene dispersions containing gemini surfactants belonging to the same series, namely, olfin E1020, olfin PD 201, and surfynol 465. In this study, the dispersibility and ability to suppress pool fires were characterized by turbidity and extinguishing time, respectively. Ultrasonication enabled easy preparation of the aqueous dispersions of ferrocene powder containing the gemini surfactants. Visual observations and turbidity measurements clearly demonstrated that the order of dispersibility was as follows: ferrocene dispersion containing surfynol 465 ≥ ferrocene dispersion containing olfin E1020 > ferrocene dispersion containing olfin PD201. Fire suppression experiments indicated that the ferrocene diameter, in the ferrocene diameter range of 10.4–21.5 μm, negligibly influenced the extinguishing time. Furthermore, for the same ferrocene samples as were used for the turbidity measurements, the order of extinguishing ability was as follows: ferrocene dispersion containing surfynol 465 > ferrocene dispersion containing olfin E1020 > ferrocene dispersion containing olfin PD201; thus, the extinguishing ability was identical to the dispersibility order.     

表面活性剂洗脱含油污泥中的机油

采用表面活性剂洗脱法去除含油污泥中的机油,考察了4种表面活性剂对含油污泥的洗脱效果.实验结果表明:当以质量浓度为100 mg/L吐温80为洗脱剂、洗脱时间为4h、洗脱温度为25℃、溶液pH为6时,溶液中油质量浓度最大,为1 293.68 mg/L,此时含油污泥中油的洗脱率为86.25％;无机离子的加入总体上减小了表面活...     

TW-80对污染土壤中菲和芘的生物降解影响

以 Ｔ Ｗ８０ 为供试物,进行了表面活性剂对污染土壤中菲和芘生物降解影响研究． 实验周期１５０ ｄ ．并分别在３０ ｄ 、６０ ｄ 和１５０ ｄ 间隔采样监测菲、芘降解率．结果表明,３０ ｄ 后,加入 Ｔ Ｗ８０ 的不同处理土壤中,菲的降解率分别达８１ ％ ～９８ ．９ ％ ,比 Ｃ Ｋ 高２２ ．０２ ％ 以上、芘的降解率分别达７１ ．９０ ％ ～８０ ．６６ ％ ,比 Ｃ Ｋ 高９ ．４６ ％ 以上．６０ ｄ 后,加入 Ｔ Ｗ８０ 的处理中,菲的降解率达８８ ．９４ ％ ～９６ ．５１ ％ 、比 Ｃ Ｋ 高１１ ．１４ ％ 以上; 芘降解率达９２ ．３９ ％～９４ ．０２ ％ ,比 Ｃ Ｋ 高２ ．２７ ％ 以上．１５０ ｄ 后,所有处理中,菲和芘的降解率均分别达到９８ ％ 和９６ ％ 以上, 与 Ｃ Ｋ 无明显差别．研究还发现, Ｔ Ｗ８０ 土壤中含有优势真菌常见青霉、蠕形青霉、淡紫青霉和顶孢头孢霉．它们可能是促进土壤中菲、芘降解的原因     

季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂去除铜绿微囊藻

研究了5种不同结构的季铵盐表面活性剂对铜绿微囊藻的去除效率,对比发现具有Gemini双子结构的季铵盐表面活性剂比普通的单链表面活性剂对铜绿微囊藻的去除效率高,且烷烃链越长去除效果越好。以去除效率最高的16-6-16季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂为研究对象,探讨了16-6-16用量、藻液浓度、pH及离子强度等对除藻效果的影响。结果表明：随着16-6-16用量的增加,藻细胞的去除率逐渐增加,在较高的藻密度（A_683nm=0.402）下,仅需5 mg/L的16-6-16即可破坏藻细胞的完整性,导致其死亡,当16-6-16的用量达到20 mg/L时,24 h后的藻细胞及叶绿素a的去除率可达90%;固定16-6-16的投加量为20 mg/L,随着藻浓度增大,16-6-16的除藻效率提高;当铜绿微囊藻的光密度值在A_683nm=0.402时,除藻效率最高;16-6-16除藻的最适宜pH为7~9;随着溶液离子强度增加,除藻效率降低。最后根据透反射生物显微镜观察灭藻前后藻细胞微观结构的变化及藻液Zeta电位的测试,初步探讨了季铵盐型Gemini表面活性剂灭杀铜绿微囊藻的机理。     

Experimental study on the control of black smoke pollution from the ceramic kilns based on the mechanism of the surfactant and coagulant

Aiming at the characteristics of carbon black, a new method of controlling the black smoke from the industrial coal-burning ceramic kilns by wetting was brought forward. The carbon black in the flue of coal-burning ceramic kiln was collected for the experiments, and its physical and chemical properties were studied in detail. In order to change the sedimentation and wettability state of the carbon black, the complex solution of the coagulant and surfactant was applied. After a series of orthogonal experiments, the complex solutions with better effects were chosen. Then, the sedimentation percentage of carbon black treated by the selected complex solutions was measured. The optimized complex solutions included Na₂SO₄ (100 mmol/L), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonate (SDBS) (1.2 mmol/L) and polyacrylamide (PAM) (40 mg/L). After carbon black was absorbed, the complex solutions were clear and colorless. The complex solutions can be recycled, and the sedimentation percentage of carbon black is 94%. __________ Translated from Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(4), 80–85 [译自: 环境科学研究]