广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥的生命周期分析

运用生命周期分析(LCA)方法,对广州市生活垃圾高温有氧静态堆肥系统进行分析,计算出全生命周期的资源消耗和环境影响潜值,同时与垃圾焚烧典型工艺的LCA数据进行对比。结果表明,堆肥处理的环境影响负荷为0.023PET90,资源消耗系数为9.238mPET90。环境影响类型中光化学臭氧合成造成的影响最大,占环境总影响的43.8%。与焚烧处理方式相比,高温有氧静态堆肥的环境总影响较小,环境影响负荷相比于焚烧减少20.3%,在降低酸化的影响方面有较为显著的作用。     

Nitrogen critical loads using biodiversity-related critical limits

Critical loads are widely used in the effects-based assessment of emission reduction policies. While the impacts of acidification have diminished, there is increasing concern regarding the effects of nitrogen deposition on terrestrial ecosystems. In this context much attention has been focussed on empirical critical loads as well as simulations with linked geochemistry-vegetation models. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to adapt the widely used simple mass balance approach. This approach has the well-established benefit of easy regional applicability, while incorporating specified critical chemical criteria to protect specified receptors. As plant occurrence/biodiversity is related to both the nutrient and acidity status of an ecosystem, a single abiotic factor (chemical criterion) is not sufficient. Rather than an upper limit for deposition (i.e., critical load), linked nutrient nitrogen and acidity chemical criteria for plant occurrence result in an ‘optimal’ nitrogen and sulphur deposition envelope.     

常温下ABR处理生活污水抗冲击负荷能力的试验研究

试验采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)处理生活污水,研究了在有机冲击负荷和水力冲击负荷发生变化时,ABR各格室所受到的影响,并对该反应器耐受抗冲击负荷的能力进行了分析.结果表明,ABR适宜于生活污水处理.     

Field survey of a sustainable sanitation system in a residential house

Sustainable sanitation is an approach for more ecological and sustainable water resources management. In this paper, we proposed one of the new integrated waste treatment systems： an ＂sustainable sanitation system＂ that includes separation of the black water from water system by a non-flushing toilet （bio-toilet）, and a gray water treatment based on a biological and ecological concept. Sustainable sanitation system also converts the domestic waste to soil conditioners and fertilizers, for farmland use. As one of the case studies, Environmentally Symbiotic Housing in which people actually live using the bio-toilet for the black water treatment and the household wastewater treatment facility for the gray water was introduced. The availability of this system was investigated by analyzing the sawdust used in the bio-toilet and the quality of the effluent in the household wastewater treatment facility. As the result, the water content of the sawdust did not exceed 60% in any of the sampling points and the BOD and COD of the effluent of the household wastewater treatment facility were below 10 and 20 mg/L respectively, due to the low loading. Compared to the pollution load on the water environment created by the conventional system, it was found that the effluent of the house has a lower load than the tertiary treatment and the volume of the water consumption is 75% of the conventional system.     

负载Pt对锐钛矿-板钛矿双相TiO_2光催化性能的影响

采用水热法合成了板钛矿-锐钛矿双相TiO_2,通过浸渍和氢还原法将贵金属Pt负载在双相TiO_2表面制成Pt/双相TiO_2催化剂。TEM表征结果显示:Pt/双相TiO_2催化剂中Pt的晶粒尺寸很小,晶粒尺寸分布较窄;低负载量(质量分数0.2%和2.0%)时,Pt晶粒在TiO_2表面分布非常均匀,Pt负载量达到4.0%时,Pt晶粒在TiO_2表面的分散性变差。光催化活性实验结果表明:负载Pt能显著提高双相TiO_2催化剂的甲基橙降解率;2.0%Pt/双相TiO_2催化剂的光降解性能最佳。光催化活性提高的主要原因是由于Pt颗粒的电子贮存能力促进了光生电子-空穴对的分离。     

动载下巷道围岩微震响应特征及支护研究

为探讨动载下深部巷道围岩变形特征,采用微震监测系统、顶板动态监测仪及FLAC3D 数值模拟软件研究深部工作面回采中微震活动特征及巷道变形破坏特征,模拟动载前后巷道围岩及支护体力学响应特性。研究结果表明:微震事件分布与累计损失能量均呈现出明显的3阶段特征,与工作面开采过程出现的初次来压、采空区初次见方和遇见断层现象相对应;微震事件的分布在时间和空间上具有一致性;动载下顶板破坏程度大于底板及两帮;动载扩大了巷道围岩塑性区范围,改变了围岩的受力状态,增大了围岩的变形量与支护体的受力;通过增加锚杆直径、长度、排距及提高预紧力对支护结构进行优化,现场监测数据表明,优化后支护方案保证了围岩的完整性,限制了围岩的变形,减小了锚杆受力,能够有效控制采动影响下巷道围岩的变形,对采动影响下深部巷道维护保证煤矿安全生产具有参考应用价值。     

公共建筑人群疏散流线负荷的拓扑解析模型研究*

为寻找公共建筑人群疏散极端负荷流线,构建疏散流线负荷的拓扑解析模型。首先,通过分析建筑空间布局的构成要素,引入移动空间、障碍空间、移动节点等概念,构建公共建筑疏散空间的拓扑网络;其次,定义节点最迟疏散结束时刻、节点最早疏散开始时刻等时间参数,以某时刻作为初始状态,计算疏散网络节点时差,构建极端负荷流线的拓扑解析模型,探析公共建筑人群疏散流线拥堵特征;最后,采用Agent技术对某会展中心人群疏散流线负荷模型进行仿真分析。研究结果表明:流线的拓扑网络节点总时差反映了流线负荷分布特征,人群疏散的极端负荷流线符合拓扑解析模型结果,能为公共建筑人群疏散方案的制定提供理论依据。     

武江 (乐昌段)水体底泥重金属污染调查

对武江乐昌段由上游矿山废水排泄沟、中游霜降河和下游武江段3段水道底泥中Pb、Zn、Cu进行测定.结果表明,Pb的质量比为2.54×103 mg/kg、1.33×103 mg/kg和30.7 mg/kg,Zn的质量比为1.01×103 mg/kg、2.48×103 mg/kg和156 mg/kg,Cu的质量比为42.9 mg/kg、68.8 mg/kg和69.4 mg/kg.3段支水道底泥污染负荷指数(IPL值)分别是14.0、10.6和1.46,整个区域IPL值为6.19,达到极强度污染程度.Pb、Zn总体污染程度比Cu严重,对武江乐昌段及其下游地区存在潜在生态风险.指出,霜降河和废水排泄沟段底泥不能农用,需特别谨慎地疏浚、转运和处置,而武江段底泥则可农用.     

江苏省太湖流域国家考核断面污染来源调查与评价

从水系关联和地域分布特征出发,将江苏省太湖流域53个国控考核断面归类划分为京杭大运河片区、入湖河流片区等6大片区,全面调查和系统分析水质状况和断面的污染来源,并提出对策建议,为环境管理提供决策支持。     

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染负荷匡算

平原感潮河网地区非点源污染严重,由于具有交叉污染等特性,造成了整个平原河网存在严重的环境污染和环境安全问题。构建了大尺度非点源污染负荷匡算模型,对南通平原河网地区非点源污染负荷进行了匡算。根据不同的产污方式,将非点源污染分为城镇降雨径流污染、畜禽养殖污染、农田降雨径流污染、农村生活污染和水产养殖污染等5种类型,分别计算其流失过程。