Nitrogen critical loads using biodiversity-related critical limits

Critical loads are widely used in the effects-based assessment of emission reduction policies. While the impacts of acidification have diminished, there is increasing concern regarding the effects of nitrogen deposition on terrestrial ecosystems. In this context much attention has been focussed on empirical critical loads as well as simulations with linked geochemistry-vegetation models. Surprisingly little attention has been paid to adapt the widely used simple mass balance approach. This approach has the well-established benefit of easy regional applicability, while incorporating specified critical chemical criteria to protect specified receptors. As plant occurrence/biodiversity is related to both the nutrient and acidity status of an ecosystem, a single abiotic factor (chemical criterion) is not sufficient. Rather than an upper limit for deposition (i.e., critical load), linked nutrient nitrogen and acidity chemical criteria for plant occurrence result in an ‘optimal’ nitrogen and sulphur deposition envelope.     

用实测资料计算流域非点源污染负荷：以四川清平水库为例

把流域非点源污染负荷分成地面径流污染负荷、地下径流污染负荷和壤中流污染负荷。用水文学方法找出典型年河水中地下径流成分，然后分割出壤中流和地面径流。再根据实测的水质和流量资料计算出流域非点源污染负荷。方法简单可靠，具有典型性和代表性。     

酸化处理的活性碳纤维负载氧化镧催化还原NO

采用浸渍法制备了负载La2O3的经HNO3活化的活性碳纤维（La2O3／HNO3／ACF）。研究了La2O3／HNO3／ACF对NO的催化活性,研究结果表明：La2O3／HNO3／ACF的低温催化活性远低于La2O3／ACF和HNO3／ACF;随反应温度升高,La2O3／HNO3／ACF对NO的去除率显著提高。La2O3／HNO3／ACF的高温（350℃以上）催化活性很高,优于La2O3／ACF等其他催化剂,且催化活性稳定性很好。La2O3负载量影响La2O3／HNO3／ACF的催化活性,18％La2O3／HNO3／ACF的高温催化活性和活性稳定性最佳,催化活性维持在10h以上。催化剂的扫描电子显微镜和x射线衍射分析结果表明,负载的La2O3多以非晶状态存在于催化剂的表面和内部的孔隙中。     

Application of an Environmental Decision Support System to a Water Quality Trading Program Affected by Surface Water Diversions

Environmental decision support systems (EDSSs) are an emerging tool used to integrate the evaluation of highly complex and interrelated physicochemical, biological, hydrological, social, and economic aspects of environmental problems. An EDSS approach is developed to address hot-spot concerns for a water quality trading program intended to implement the total maximum daily load (TMDL) for phosphorus in the Non-Tidal Passaic River Basin of New Jersey. Twenty-two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) spread throughout the watershed are considered the major sources of phosphorus loading to the river system. Periodic surface water diversions to a major reservoir from the confluence of two key tributaries alter the natural hydrology of the watershed and must be considered in the development of a trading framework that ensures protection of water quality. An EDSS is applied that enables the selection of a water quality trading framework that protects the watershed from phosphorus-induced hot spots. The EDSS employs Simon’s (1960) three stages of the decision-making process: intelligence, design, and choice. The identification of two potential hot spots and three diversion scenarios enables the delineation of three management areas for buying and selling of phosphorus credits among WWTPs. The result shows that the most conservative option entails consideration of two possible diversion scenarios, and trading between management areas is restricted accordingly. The method described here is believed to be the first application of an EDSS to a water quality trading program that explicitly accounts for surface water diversions.     

屏蔽室环境工况对传导骚扰测量的影响

建立工况可调屏蔽室：安装恒温恒湿系统,实现温度在（10～35）℃连续可调、测量空间温度场均匀度和最大波动均〈10℃,湿度控制在（30～60）％范围。利用工况可调屏蔽室,研究温湿度对传导骚扰测试结果的影响：选取电动工具、空调（变频、定频）、除湿机等产品,研究不同产品传导骚扰电压与谐波随环境温湿度的变化规律,发现骚扰电压和谐波测量值随环境温度的变化有很大的不同,试验证明这些产品的传导骚扰电压和谐波测量值明显随着环境温度而变化。研究结果对提高,实验室电磁兼容测试水平具有良好的实用价值,对于相关标准的制修订具有参考价值。     

Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

煤岩变形破裂的电磁辐射规律及其应用研究

对受载煤体变形破裂电磁辐射规律进行了研究及分析 ,并对煤岩电磁辐射技术应用于预测预报煤与瓦斯突出进行了试验研究。研究结果表明 ,电磁辐射与煤岩体的载荷、加载速率及变形破裂过程呈正相关。煤岩电磁辐射技术在预测预报煤与瓦斯突出等方面有着非常广阔的应用前景。     

Hatching asynchrony reduces the duration, not the magnitude, of peak load in breeding green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus)

The peak load reduction hypothesis suggests that hatching asynchrony in altricial birds is adaptive because it reduces parental workload during the most energetically costly time in brood rearing. By staggering the ages of their offspring, parents may ensure that all nestlings do not reach maximum energy demand simultaneously. To test the hypothesis, we used the doubly labeled water technique to measure the energy expenditure of green-rumped parrotlets (Forpus passerinus) that reared experimentally manipulated synchronous and asynchronous broods. Peak metabolic rates of the two experimental groups did not differ, but parents of asynchronous broods metabolized significantly less energy than did parents of synchronous broods throughout the first half of the brood-rearing period. Our results suggest that hatching asynchrony in parrotlets substantially shortens the temporal duration of high brood energy demand, but does not reduce the magnitude of peak energy demand. Received: 16 July 1998 / Accepted after revision: 13 December 1998     

Reduced take-off ability in robins (Erithacus rubecula) due to migratory fuel load

Recent studies have shown that large fuel loads in small birds impair flying ability. This is the first study to show how migratory fuel load affects flying ability, such as velocity and height gained at take-off in a predator escape situation, in a medium-distance migrant, and whether they adjust their take-off according to predator attack angle. First-year robins (Erithacus rubecula) were subjected to simulated attacks from a model merlin (Falco columbarius), and take-off velocity and angle were analysed. Robins with a wing load of 0.19 g cm⁻² took off at a 39% lower angle than robins with a wing load of 0.13 g cm⁻², while velocity remained unaffected. The robins did not adjust their angle of ascent in accordance with the predator's angle of attack. Since many predators rely on surprise attacks, a difference in flight ability due to varying fuel loads found in migrating robins can be important for birds' chances of survival when actually attacked. Received: 28 October 1998 / Received in revised form: 12 January 1999 / Accepted: 30 January 1999     

稻麦轮作农田系统中氮素渗漏流失的研究

通过埋设土壤溶液抽滤器采集渗漏水样,对上海郊区大田条件下稻麦轮作系统中土壤氮素(N)的渗漏流失情况进行了观测研究.研究结果表明,稻季渗漏水中总氮(TN)浓度随时间呈下降趋势,其中,硝态氮(NO3--N)由泡田初期的10 mg·L-1以上迅速下降至2 mg·L-1以下,铵态氮(NH4 -N)则始终低于1.3 mg·L-1.施肥能引起渗漏水N素增加;稻田淹水过程也通过改变土壤氧化还原环境控制着N素形态的转换.麦季施肥小区渗漏水中N素形态以NO3--N为主,且施肥后迅速上升到平均7.11 mg·L-1;NH4 -N浓度在施肥和不施肥处理中均很低,分别为0.38 mg·L-1和0.36 mg·L-1.在稻季施肥2.50×104 kg·km-2和麦季施肥2.14×104 kg·km-2(以N计)的情况下,N素淋失负荷分别为6.08×102 kg·km-2和7.42×102 kg·km-2,分别占施肥量的2.4%和3.5%;施肥条件下两季总的N素淋失负荷比不施肥处理高出108.7%.