微塑料对土壤水分入渗和蒸发的影响

为探究不同丰度（土壤干重的0.5%、1%、2%）和不同类型（PP、PVC、PE）微塑料对土壤水分入渗和蒸发的影响,采用室内土柱模拟的方法,阐明了不同丰度及不同类型微塑料对土壤水分累积入渗时间、土壤含水率、湿润锋和蒸发特性等的影响,其中A1,A2,A3、Q1,Q2,Q3和Z1,Z2,Z3分别代表PE、PVC和PP在0.5%、1%和2%丰度下的实验编号.结果表明,不同类型和不同丰度下的微塑料对土壤水分入渗和蒸发存在显著差异,同类型条件下随着微塑料丰度增大,累积入渗时间显著增加,而类型不同丰度相同微塑料赋存条件下,PP实验组累积入渗时间>PVC实验组累积入渗时间>PE实验组累积入渗时间>空白实验组累积入渗时间;赋存微塑料条件下土壤含水率最大值基本呈现于土层深度10~25 cm处,空白组CK出现在20~25 cm处;相同入渗时间内土壤湿润锋运移距离和湿润锋运移速率随微塑料丰度增加而减小,当入渗时间为60 min时,A1、A2、A3,Q1、Q2、Q3和Z1、Z2、Z3湿润锋运移距离较CK分别减少4.38%、8.76%、10.58%,7.30%、10.22%、14.60%和10.95%、13.14%、15.33%,其中PP微塑料的影响最为显著;微塑料赋存对土壤水分蒸发产生抑制作用,同类型微塑料下土壤的累积蒸发量随丰度的增加而减小,在蒸发27 h时,添加2%丰度下PP、PVC和PE微塑料的实验土柱累积蒸发量比CK分别减小22.9%、19.4%和13.3%,Rose蒸发模型更能较真实地反映微塑料赋存情况下土壤累积蒸发量随时间的变化情况.研究可为微塑料赋存条件下土壤水分运移的变化研究提供理论基础.     

风筒位置对掘进巷道流场影响的PIV实验*

为探究风筒位置对掘进巷道风流分布规律的影响,利用Fluent软件确定出实验模型内流体进入“第二自模区”的临界风速,保证实验模型与实际巷道的流动相似,采用粒子图像测速仪（PIV）对压、抽风筒距迎头不同距离下的前压后抽式通风流场进行测量。实验结果表明:抽风筒距巷道迎头距离的改变对迎头处流场影响较小,涡流中心位置也不会发生改变,当抽风筒距迎头距离大于4.5S,回流区的风流充分发展,流动较为平缓。压风筒距巷道迎头距离的改变对迎头处流场和涡流影响较大,当压风筒距迎头距离大于3S,涡流中心位置向远离迎头的方向移动,涡流区域逐渐扩大。基于相似理论的PIV实验结果可为矿井掘进巷道通风工作提供一定参考。     

Influence of trunk muscle activity and stability in front and back holding

Purpose. A tandem carrying style is often used in the workplace, but carrying approaches are different for two people because of the holding load in the tandem posture. To understand these carrying styles, this study aimed to investigate the patterns of muscle activity and stability of the trunk influenced by front and back holding of a heavy load. Methods. Electromyography data of eight trunk and two hip muscles, as well as displacements of the trunk, were recorded for analysis while subjects stood statically holding a handle in the front and back of the body with and without load. Results. Without load, muscle activities during front holding mirrored those during back holding. With load, greater muscle activities were observed in the dorsal muscles of the trunk and lesser activities were noted in the ventral muscles in the two holding styles. More frequencies of trunk oscillations occurred in front holding with and without load. Conclusions. The results revealed that back holding of load created more stability of the upper body, whereas front holding resulted in more instability of the trunk.     

Use of child safety seats and booster seats in the United States: A comparison of parent/caregiver-reported and observed use estimates

Background: Motor-vehicles crashes are a leading cause of death among children. Age- and size-appropriate restraint use can prevent crash injuries and deaths among children. Strategies to increase child restraint use should be informed by reliable estimates of restraint use practices. Objective: Compare parent/caregiver-reported and observed child restraint use estimates from the FallStyles and Estilos surveys with the National Survey of the Use of Booster Seats (NSUBS). Methods: Estimates of child restraint use from two online, cross-sectional surveys—FallStyles, a survey of U.S. adults, and Estilos, a survey of U.S. Hispanic adults—were compared with observed data collected in NSUBS. Parents/caregivers of children aged ≤ 12 years were asked about the child’s restraint use behaviors in FallStyles and Estilos, while restraint use was observed in NSUBS. Age-appropriate restraint use was defined as rear-facing child safety seat (CSS) use for children aged 0–4 years, forward-facing CSS use for children aged 2–7 years, booster seat use for children aged 5–12 years, and seat belt use for children aged 9–12 years. Age-appropriate restraint users are described by demographic characteristics and seat row, with weighted prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) calculated. Results: Overall, child restraint use as reported by parents/caregivers was 90.8% (CI: 87.5–94.1) (FallStyles) and 89.4% (CI: 85.5–93.4) for observed use (NSUBS). Among Hispanic children, reported restraint use was 82.6% (CI: 73.9–91.3) (Estilos) and 84.4% (CI: 79.0–88.6) for observed use (NSUBS, Hispanic children only). For age-appropriate restraint use, estimates ranged from 74.3% (CI: 69.7–79.0) (FallStyles) to 59.7% (CI: 55.0–64.4) (NSUBS), and for Hispanic children, from 71.5% (CI: 62.1–81.0) (Estilos) to 57.2% (CI: 51.2–63.2) (NSUBS, Hispanic children only). Conclusion and Practical Application: Overall estimates of parent/caregiver-reported and observed child restraint use were similar. However, for age-appropriate restraint use, reported use was higher than observed use for most age groups.     

竖井中羽流前锋上升时间的实验研究

利用PolyU/USTC大空间实验厅内的小尺度竖井实验台,测量了开放和封闭竖井中羽流前锋上升时间,结合理论分析的结果,得到了羽流前锋上升无量纲时间和竖井无量纲高度之间的定量关系式.结果表明,在相同火源、相同竖井尺寸条件下,开放竖井和封闭竖井中的羽流前锋上升无量纲时间分别和无量纲高度的1.03次方、1.50次方成正比,与火源热释放速率的1/3次方成反比.由于烟囱效应的作用,开放竖井中的羽流前锋上升速度最快;非受限空间次之;封闭竖井内最慢.各种决定性因素对羽流前锋上升的影响程度由大到小顺序为:内外压差、壁面导热 粘滞力、空气卷吸.     

铝粉尘云燃烧火焰形态分析实验研究

为探索铝粉尘云燃烧火焰形态和灾变演化,基于改造的竖直开口实验管道,借助高速摄像仪和离子探针,研究火焰结构及变化,分析粒径因素对铝粉火焰前锋形态的影响.实验结果表明:铝粉燃烧能量的释放和空间束缚使燃烧转为爆燃,火焰前锋下方存在大片的燃烧反应区;铝粉粒径越小,颗粒氧化层破裂需要的热应力越小,越容易被点燃;随着铝粉粒径减小,...