Effects of introducing energy recovery processes to the municipal solid waste management system in Ulaanbaatar,Mongolia

Currently, most developing countries have not set up municipal solid waste management systems with a view of recovering energy from waste or reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In this article, we have studied the possible effects of introducing three energy recovery processes either as a single or combination approach, refuse derived fuel production, incineration and waste power generation, and methane gas recovery from landfill and power generation in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, as a case study. We concluded that incineration process is the most suitable as first introduction of energy recovery. To operate it efficiently, 3Rs strategies need to be promoted. And then, RDF production which is made of waste papers and plastics in high level of sorting may be considered as the second step of energy recovery. However, safety control and marketability of RDF will be required at that moment.     

微生物燃料电池的研究综述

微生物燃料电池是一种利用微生物的催化作用,将燃料中的化学能转化为电能,同时又可以处理废水的新型技术,具有显著的环境效益和经济效益。本文对微生物燃料电池的基本原理进行了详细的叙述,对一些影响微生物燃料电池在处理污水时发电的基本因素做了较全面的比较,同时也探讨了一些现阶段微生物燃料电池的瓶颈问题。展望了微生物燃料电池(MFCs)这一绿色技术的良好的发展前景。     

稻壳混煤燃烧对NOx排放的影响

本文利用循环流化床实验平台分析稻壳混煤燃烧对NOx排放的影响。结果表明,贫煤混合稻壳后燃烧,当燃烧温度恒定时,NOx的排放量随着燃料中稻壳所占比重增加而降低;当燃料中稻壳所占比重恒定时,NOx的排放量随着燃烧温度的升高而增加。     

Gas separation using porous cement membrane

Gas separation is a key issue in various industrial fields. Hydrogen has the potential for application in clean fuel technologies. Therefore, the separation and purification of hydrogen is an important research subject. CO2 capture and storage have important roles in ＂green chemistry＂. As an effective clean technology, gas separation using inorganic membranes has attracted much attention in the last several decades. Membrane processes have many applications in the field of gas separation. Cement is one type of inorganic material, with the advantages of a lower cost and a longer lifespan. An experimental setup has been created and improved to measure twenty different cement membranes. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of gas molecule properties on the material transport and to explore the influence of operating conditions and membrane composition on separation efficiency. The influences of the above parameters are determined, the best conditions and membrane type are found, it is shown that cementitious material has the ability to separate gas mixtures, and the gas transport mechanism is studied.     

石油污染物对海底微生物燃料电池性能的影响及加速降解效应

海底石油污染物在缺氧环境下导致其生物降解过程缓慢,对海洋环境造成长期危害.本文利用海底微生物燃料电池(BMFCs)原理,尝试通过电催化作用提高海底石油污染物的降解速率.对比测试了含油电池装置(BMFCs-A)与无油电池装置(BMFCs-B)的电化学性能,研究了石油污染物对电池性能的影响;比较了含油通路(BMFCs-A)和断路状态下(BMFCs-C)的石油降解率和细菌聚集量,分析了BMFCs对石油污染物降解的加速作用.结果表明,BMFCs-A和BMFCs-B阳极的交换电流密度分别为1.37×10-2A·m-2和1.50×10-3A·m-2,最大输出功率密度分别是105.79 m W·m-2和83.60 m W·m-2,BMFCs-A装置的抗极化能力增强,交换电流密度提高近9倍,最大输出功率密度提高1.27倍.BMFCs-A和BMFCs-C阳极表面的异养菌数量分别是(66±3.61)×107CFU·g-1和(7.3±2.08)×107CFU·g-1,细菌数量增加了8倍,高的异养菌数量导致石油降解加速进行,BMFCs的石油降解率是自然条件下的18.7倍.BMFCs在电化学性能提高的同时,加速石油污染物的降解.本文同时提出了一种海底微生物燃料电池对石油污染物加速降解的新模式.     

LPG/汽油双燃料汽车实时尾气排放比较研究

为了检验目前应用较为广泛的LPG/汽油双燃料改造汽车的实际排放和能源效益,采用车载尾气检测设备(OEM-2100)收集了两辆LPG/汽油双燃料汽车的实时尾气排放数据,比较了实验车辆在使用LPG和汽油两种燃料时的实际排放结果,包括在不同工况下的排放结果的比较.比较结果显示,两车在使用LPG燃料时排放并不理想.本文还分析了两车使用LPG燃料的排放特点,又对两种燃料的经济性做了比较,得出车辆在使用LPG时的燃油经济性较好.     

Impact of Carbon Storage Through Restoration of Drylands on the Global Carbon Cycle

   Using estimates of land suitable for restoration in woodlands, grasslands, and deserts, as well as estimates of the rate at which restoration can proceed, we estimate that carbon storage in these biomes can range up to 0.8 billion tons of carbon per year (Gt C/yr), for a combination of land management strategies. This corresponds to a reduction in atmospheric buildup of 0.5 Gt C/yr, which represents up to 15% of the average annual atmospheric carbon buildup in the next century, 3.5 Gt C/yr, assuming the IPCC 92d scenario. A global strategy for reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration will require the implementation of multiple options. The advantage of carbon storage in restored drylands is that it comes as a side benefit to programs that are also justifiable in terms of land management.     

TOXIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM AND SHALE JP-4 AND JP-8 AVIATION FUELS ON FATHEAD MINNOWS1

ABSTRACT: Static 96-hour median lethal concentrations were determined for the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of both petroleum-derived and shale-derived avaiation fuels (JP-4 and JP-8) using fathead minnows. JP-8 was more toxic than JP-4 except for one shale JP-4 sample that was as toxic as the JP-8. Petroleum and shale JP-8 were similar in toxicity. The toxicity of shale JP-4 was less clear. Shale JP-4 from three vendor sources revealed differing toxicity values. One shale JP-4 sample was more toxic and one less toxic than its petroleum analogue, with the third being equally toxic. Toxicity of the fuels may be enhanced by compounds in the WSF that correspond to chemicals containing 10 or more carbon atoms.     

应用SSIM模型反演与评估二氧化硫污染面源

针对在缺少有效二氧化硫低空面源排放清单的情况下,应用SSIM(SourceStrengthInversedModel)模式对SO2低空面源源强的反演功能,完成了天津市蓝天工程改燃措施实施后二氧化硫相对量化改善效果的模拟评估,同时模拟了SO2面源源强改善前后的空间分布,取得了较理想的效果。该模式所解决的污染面源源强核查难点问题,在城市大气环境容量核定中具有通用指导作用。     

一种新型的清洁能源——燃料电池

燃料电池高效率、无污染、建设周期短、易维护以及低成本的特点被受人们关注。本文介绍了各种类型燃料电池(碱性燃料电池、熔融碳酸盐燃料电池、固体氧化物燃料电池、磷酸燃料电池及质子交换膜燃料电池)的技术进展及其发展现状,对燃料电池的应用前景进行了探讨。