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711.
CHAD T. HANSON DENNIS C. ODION†‡ DOMINICK A. DELLASALA§ WILLIAM L. BAKER 《Conservation biology》2009,23(5):1314-1319
Abstract: The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's recent recovery plan for one of the most carefully watched threatened species worldwide, the Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), recommended a major departure in conservation strategies in the northwestern United States. Due to concern about fire, the plan would switch from a reserve to a no-reserve strategy in up to 52% of the owl's range. Fuel treatments (e.g., thinning) at regular intervals also would occur on up to 65–70% of dry forests in this area. Estimations of fire risk, however, were based on less than a decade of data and an anecdotal assessment of a single, large fire. We found that decadal data are inherently too short, given infrequent large fires, to accurately predict fire risk and trends. Rates of high-severity fire, based on remote-sensing data, are far lower than reported in the plan and in comparison with the rate of old-forest recruitment. In addition, over a 22-year period, there has been no increase in the proportion of high-severity fire. Our findings refute the key conclusions of the plan that are the basis for major changes in conservation strategies for the Spotted Owl. The best available science is needed to address these strategies in an adaptive-management framework. From the standpoint of fire risk, there appears to be ample time for research on fire and proposed treatment effects on Spotted Owls before designing extensive management actions or eliminating reserves. 相似文献
712.
713.
模拟了典型固体燃料的民用燃烧及家庭烹饪食用油过程,分别采用烟尘罩稀释采样系统和小型烟尘罩采集烟气.利用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法测定了5种典型致癌杂环胺的排放特征.估算了2012年杂环胺排放量及不同情景下妇女炊事吸入杂环胺的致癌风险.结果表明,秸秆、薪柴、烟煤、无烟煤燃烧2-氨基-3-甲基-9H-吡啶[2,3-b]吲哚(MeAaC)排放因子均值为5.2~142.9μg/kg、2-氨基-9H-吡啶[2,3-b]吲哚(AaC)排放因子为0.6~37.8μg/kg,2-氨基-1-甲基-6-苯基咪唑并[4,5-b]吡啶(PhIP)排放因子为1.5~25.9μg/kg.植物油烹调MeAaC和2-氨基-3-甲基咪唑并(4,5-f)喹啉(IQ)排放因子均值分别为6.8μg/kg和1.5μg/kg.动物油烹调MeAaC、2-氨基-3,4-二甲基-3H-咪唑并喹啉(MeIQ)和AaC排放因子均值分别为6.2μg/kg、2.0μg/kg和1.1μg/kg.秸秆使用分别占PhIP、MeAaC和AaC 排放的93.0%、76.2%和76.2%.薪柴使用占AaC、MeAaC和PhIP排放的22.1%、7.7%和4.0%.烟煤使用占MeAaC、 PhIP和AaC排放的15.9%、2.8%和1.8%.健康风险评价表明,在缺乏有效排烟的情况下,使用烟煤(哈尔滨)或秸秆炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.60×10-5和1.84×10-5,超过EPA建议值.使用薪柴或烟煤(包头)炊事的家庭妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险分别为4.50×10-6和4.31×10-6,略高于EPA建议值.使用无烟煤及电能炊事妇女暴露于杂环胺总致癌风险为可忽略水平. 相似文献
714.
715.
Landfill gas (LFG) utilization which means a synergy between environmental protection and bioenergy recovery was investigated in this study. Pressure swing adsorption technology was used in LFG purification, and laboratory experiment, pilot-scale test, and on-site demonstration were carried out in Shenzhen, China. In the laboratory experiment, A-type carbon molecular sieve was selected as the adsorbent by comparison of several other adsorbents. The optimal adsorption pressure and adsorption time were 0.25 MPa and 2 min, respectively, under which the product generation rate was 4.5 m3/h and the methane concentration was above 90%. The process and optimization of the pilot-scale test were also reported in the paper. The product gas was of high quality compared with the National Standard of Compressed Natural Gas as Vehicle Fuel (GB18047-2000), when the air concentration in feed gas was under 10.96%. The demonstration project was composed of a collection system, production system, and utilization system. The drive performance, environmental protection performance, and economic feasibility of the product gas — as alternative fuel in passenger car, truck, and bulldozer—were tested, showing the feasibility technology for LFG utilization. 相似文献
716.
玉米燃料乙醇生命周期碳平衡分析 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
玉米燃料乙醇作为化石燃料的替代品,其温室气体排放的多少(净碳排放量)是评价其可持续性的一个重要标准.基于生命周期分析原理,建立了玉米燃料乙醇的碳平衡分析方法.以我国夏玉米燃料乙醇的生产为例,计算了玉米燃料乙醇生命周期的净碳排放量并对其影响因素进行了分析.研究表明:与汽油相比,目前我国夏玉米燃料乙醇的生产并不能明显减少温室气体的排放,为此玉米生产过程中氮肥施用和灌溉以及乙醇转化过程的能耗等方面有待于重点改善. 相似文献
717.
《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2014,92(6):515-521
Cationic polyelectrolyte promoted effective attachment of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) onto microalgal cells through electrostatic attraction. Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) and chitosan (ChiL), both are cationic polymer, are feasible to act as binding agent to promote rapid magnetophoretic separation of Chlorella sp. through low gradient magnetic separation (LGMS) with field gradient ▿B less than 80 T/m in real time. Cell separation efficiency up to 98% for the case of PDDA and 99% for the case of ChiL can be achieved in 6 min when 3 × 107 cells/mL Chlorella sp. are exposed to 300 mg/L surface functionalized-IONPs (SF-IONPs). Different polyelectrolytes do not give significant effect on cell separation efficiency as long as the particle attachment occurred. However, the PDDA is more preferable as the binder for all type of microalgae medium than the chitosan (ChiL) since it is not pH dependent. SF-IONPs coated with PDDA guarantee the cell separation performance for all pH range of cell medium, with 98.21 ± 0.40% at pH 8.84. On the other hand, the ChiL performance will be affected by the cell medium pH, with only 22.93 ± 31.03% biomass recovery at pH 9.25. 相似文献
718.
城市生活垃圾、污泥和煤粉混合燃料热值的研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
为了寻求生活垃圾和污泥的高效资源化、能源化方法.选取生活垃圾、污泥和煤粉的混合,枯枝落叶,助燃剂MnO2,脱硫剂 CaO 为控制因子,安排正交试验,成型加工为混合燃料.测定其热值,并通过正交分析,筛选出燃料最大热值组合,即混合时垃圾、污泥、煤粉的比例为 1:1:2,枯枝落叶所占比例为 0%,助燃剂 MnO2 含量为 0.18%,脱硫剂 CaO 含量为 1.5/(100 g),该燃料的热值为 17.8898 kJ/g.为该混合燃料的推广与应用提供理论依据. 相似文献
719.
为提出与我国第4阶段排放法规相适应的车用柴油标准,作为北京市"汽车-油品"项目的研究内容之一,在1台满足欧Ⅳ排放法规的柴油机上对不同品质参数的8种柴油进行对比试验.结果表明,柴油品质参数变化对试验用欧Ⅳ柴油机动力性、燃油经济性和缸内燃烧过程影响很小;微粒中的硫酸盐和气态SO2排放量均随硫含量上升而线性增加;十六烷值增加,比油耗和PM排放稍有下降、NOx排放稍有上升;T90下降,NOx排放下降、PM有降低趋势.在试验数据基础上,拟合得到了试验用欧Ⅳ柴油机ESC循环SCR前NOx和PM排放量随柴油硫含量、十六烷值、蒸馏特性T90和芳香烃含量4个参数变化的预测公式. 相似文献
720.
Yuqin Lu Xiao Bian Hailong Wang Xinhua Wang Yueping Ren Xiufen Li 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2018,12(4):5
Since the concept of the osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC) was introduced in 2011, it has attracted growing interests for its potential applications in wastewater treatment and energy recovery. However, forward osmosis (FO) membrane fouling resulting in a severe water flux decline remains a main obstacle. Until now, the fouling mechanisms of FO membrane especially the development of biofouling layer in the OsMFC are not yet clear. Here, the fouling behavior of FO membrane in OsMFCs was systematically investigated. The results indicated that a thick fouling layer including biofouling and inorganic fouling was existed on the FO membrane surface. Compared to the inorganic fouling, the biofouling played a more important role in the development of the fouling layer. Further analyses by the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) implied that the growth of biofouling layer on the FO membrane surface in the OsMFC could be divided into three stages. Initially, microorganisms associated with ß-D-glucopyranose polysaccharides were deposited on the FO membrane surface. After that, the microorganisms grew into a biofilm caused a quick decrease of water flux. Subsequently, some of microorganisms were dead due to lack of nutrient source, in the meantime, polysaccharide and proteins in the biofouling layer were decomposed as nutrient source, thus leading to a slow development of the biofouling layer. Moreover, the microorganisms played a significant role in the formation and development of the biofouling layer, and further studies are needed to mitigate the deposition of microorganisms on FO membrane surfaces in OsMFCs.
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