南京市不同功能区冬季大气降尘的沉降通量和粒度分布

选择南京市的钢铁工业区、工业与居民混合区、交通干道、居民生活区、风景区、城市郊区等6种典型城市功能区,定期收集降尘并对冬季降尘样品进行了沉降通量的计算和粒度的测定。结果表明,2004年12月份到2005年3月份期间南京市降尘沉降通量在3.58~65.53 g/(m2.月)之间变化。不同功能区降尘中颗粒物的数量-粒度都呈单峰分布,峰值为0.05~0.20μm。体积-粒度呈双峰和单峰分布,其中工业区和工业混合区呈双峰分布,主峰为10~50μm,次峰为100~500μm;其他功能区成单峰分布,峰值为10~50μm。分析得出,城市内的正常降尘反映了沉积区域上空大气颗粒物的背景特征和区域人类活动与低空大气环流相互叠加作用对降尘事件的影响,而区域人类活动特别是工业和交通的影响超过了大气环流的贡献。     

科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量关系研究

论文从植被的种丰富度和功能多样性两个方面研究不同沙漠化阶段科尔沁沙地植物种多样性与沙地草场地上生物量的关系。相关分析表明,在科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段,植物种多样性和沙地草场地上生物量的关系与多样性指数计算的基本单位有关。研究结果显示:①依据一年生、多年生和灌木等生活型为划分标准的功能多样性,在固定沙丘、半流动沙丘和流动沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数分别为-0.534、-0.574和-0.431。以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物为划分标准的功能多样性,在半固定沙丘阶段与沙地草场地上生物量的关系最密切,关联系数为0.722。②在不同的沙漠化阶段,生活型多样性与地上生物量的关系呈负相关。说明在不同沙漠化程度的草场中,植物生活型组成的不均匀,有利于提高沙地草场地上生物量。③从不同生活型在各个沙漠化阶段中的种丰富度特征来看,一年生植物最高,多年生植物次之,灌木最低,平均值分别为9(±6.0)、3(±2.6)和1.8(±1.0),说明一年生植物在沙地植被组成中占主导地位。同时,研究结果表明,在不同沙漠化阶段中,以豆科植物、C₃植物和C₄植物划分的功能类型组的平均重要值以C₄植物最高,C₃植物次之,豆科最低,分别为48(±12.3)、39.7(±3.6)和12.3(±14.3),说明C₄类植物在科尔沁沙地植     

改性膨润土对晴纶混纺织物染色废水脱色处理的研究

文章介绍了晴纶纸纺织物在染色时所产生的染色废水的特征,针对该废水在处理时具有脱色难的难题,寻找具有针对性的凝聚剂,最后选用改性膨润土作凝剂.试验结果表明:用CaO调pH值为7、凝聚剂投加质量分数为8%的条件下,废水脱色率可达100%,同时,由于提高了废水的可生化性,为后续深加工处理提供了有利条件.     

淮南市淮河水域水源保护与防治对策

根据淮河水环境的特点，对水域现状和污染源现状进行了分析，通过对水源保护功能的划分，提出了防治对策和综合整治措施。     

Evaluating and Ranking the Vulnerability of Global Marine Ecosystems to Anthropogenic Threats

Abstract:  Marine ecosystems are threatened by a suite of anthropogenic stressors. Mitigating multiple threats is a daunting task, particularly when funding constraints limit the number of threats that can be addressed. Threats are typically assessed and prioritized via expert opinion workshops that often leave no record of the rationale for decisions, making it difficult to update recommendations with new information. We devised a transparent, repeatable, and modifiable method for collecting expert opinion that describes and documents how threats affect marine ecosystems. Experts were asked to assess the functional impact, scale, and frequency of a threat to an ecosystem; the resistance and recovery time of an ecosystem to a threat; and the certainty of these estimates. To quantify impacts of 38 distinct anthropogenic threats on 23 marine ecosystems, we surveyed 135 experts from 19 different countries. Survey results showed that all ecosystems are threatened by at least nine threats and that nine ecosystems are threatened by > 90% of existing threats. The greatest threats (highest impact scores) were increasing sea temperature, demersal destructive fishing, and point-source organic pollution. Rocky reef, coral reef, hard-shelf, mangrove, and offshore epipelagic ecosystems were identified as the most threatened. These general results, however, may be partly influenced by the specific expertise and geography of respondents, and should be interpreted with caution. This approach to threat analysis can identify the greatest threats (globally or locally), most widespread threats, most (or least) sensitive ecosystems, most (or least) threatened ecosystems, and other metrics of conservation value. Additionally, it can be easily modified, updated as new data become available, and scaled to local or regional settings, which would facilitate informed and transparent conservation priority setting.     

植物生物技术在黑麦草遗传改良中的应用

黑麦草是重要的牧草和草坪草,是畜牧业和草坪业重要的产业支柱.由于高度自交不亲和,传统遗传改良困难而复杂.生物技术尤其是转基因技术为其遗传改良带来希望.本文概述了组织培养技术、基因遗传转化技术、分子标记及数量性状基因定位、分子标记辅助育种等技术在黑麦草遗传改良中的应用及获得的成果;评述了遗传改良的重要意义,以及黑麦草遗传改良的主要目标,如品质改良、提高病害抗性、降低毒性生物碱浓度、控制花粉致敏性、抗除草剂品种的培育、提高抗逆性及其作为生物反应器的潜在应用价值等;并分析了功能基因组学的研究及RNA干扰技术在黑麦草研究中可能的应用前景.     

Avian Diversity and Functional Insectivory on North-Central Florida Farmlands

Abstract:  We studied the potential for native birds to control insect pests on farms. We assessed habitat factors correlated with diversity, distribution, and insect-foraging activity of native birds on farms in north-central Florida and then characterized common bird species that consumed insect biomass in crops as "functional insectivores" (birds most likely to contribute to pest control). Analyses of point-count survey data and foraging observations collected over 2 years on paired organic and conventional farm sites indicated that (1) farms supported most (82–96%) land birds known to breed in the region; (2) bird species richness and abundance varied significantly with matrix habitat and field border type (but not with year or farm management type); (3) the highest bird abundances were associated with mixed crop plantings, field borders, and adjacent matrix composed of forest and hedge; and (4) abundances of 10 species identified as functional insectivores were primarily influenced by crop type (mixed crops attracted significantly more insect foragers into fields than monocrops). We documented birds eating pest insects in crops and did not observe substantive crop damage by birds during growing-season observations. We advocate use of the term functional insectivore to emphasize the potential positive role of avian insectivory on farms during the growing season.     

中药青蒿鲨烯合酶的大肠杆菌表达、纯化与功能鉴定

利用PCR方法,将经RACE方法克隆到的中药青蒿鲨烯合酶cDNA(AF302464)开放阅读框的3′末端截短99bp,插入到原核表达载体pET30a( )的NcoⅠ和BamHⅠ酶切位点之间,构建N端和C端均携带有HIS6表达标签的鲨烯合酶重组表达载体pETSSA.将pETSSA转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),0.5mmol/LIPTG(isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside)28℃诱导重组鲨烯合酶的表达.表达产物经镍琼脂糖柱纯化.纯化蛋白加入酶促反应体系(含FPP和NADPH),GC-MS分析酶促反应体系的正己烷萃取物,结果显示重组鲨烯合酶可以催化FPP向鲨烯的转化.青蒿鲨烯合酶的功能鉴定为进一步利用反义或RNAi技术限制甾类生物合成,从而提高青蒿中的青蒿素含量提供了基础.图5参15     

异龙湖流域生态功能区划分析

为了改善异龙湖的生态环境，延缓其老化和消亡过程，实现其自然资源的持续利用，以生态学与系统工程学原理为基础，分析异龙湖湖泊生态系统的组成与结构，依据其生态功能分区的原则，将异龙湖流域生态系统划分为4个子系统，分别根据各自的生态功能和主要环境问题，制订有效的保护措施。     

Variations in surface functional groups, carbon chemical state and graphitization degree during thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles

The thermal deactivation of diesel soot particles exerts a significant influence on the control strategy for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPFs). This work focused on the changes in the surface functional groups, carbon chemical state, and graphitization degree during thermal treatment in an inert gas environment at intermediate temperatures of 600°C, 800°C, and 1000°C and explore the chemical species that were desorbed from the diesel soot surface during thermal treatment using a thermogravimetric analyser coupled with a gas-chromatograph mass spectrometer (TGA-GC/MS). The surface functional groups and carbon chemical state were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The graphitization degree was evaluated by means of Raman spectroscopy (RS). The concentrations of aliphatic C–H, C–OH, C=O, and O–C=O groups are reduced for diesel soot and carbon black when increasing the thermal treatment temperature, while the sp²/sp³ hybridized ratio and graphitization degree enhance. These results provide comprehensive evidence of the decreased reactivity of soot samples. Among oxygenated functional groups, the percentage reduction during thermal treatment is the largest for the O–C=O groups owing to its worst thermodynamic stability. TGA-GC/MS results show that the aliphatic and aromatic chains and oxygenated species would be desorbed from the soot surface during 1000°C thermal treatment of diesel soot.