Emerging conservation challenges and prospects in an era of offshore hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation

Globally, extensive marine areas important for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning are undergoing exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas resources. Such operations are expanding to previously inaccessible deep waters and other frontier regions, while conservation‐related legislation and planning is often lacking. Conservation challenges arising from offshore hydrocarbon development are wide‐ranging. These challenges include threats to ecosystems and marine species from oil spills, negative impacts on native biodiversity from invasive species colonizing drilling infrastructure, and increased political conflicts that can delay conservation actions. With mounting offshore operations, conservationists need to urgently consider some possible opportunities that could be leveraged for conservation. Leveraging options, as part of multi‐billion dollar marine hydrocarbon operations, include the use of facilities and costly equipment of the deep and ultra‐deep hydrocarbon industry for deep‐sea conservation research and monitoring and establishing new conservation research, practice, and monitoring funds and environmental offsetting schemes. The conservation community, including conservation scientists, should become more involved in the earliest planning and exploration phases and remain involved throughout the operations so as to influence decision making and promote continuous monitoring of biodiversity and ecosystems. A prompt response by conservation professionals to offshore oil and gas developments can mitigate impacts of future decisions and actions of the industry and governments. New environmental decision support tools can be used to explicitly incorporate the impacts of hydrocarbon operations on biodiversity into marine spatial and conservation plans and thus allow for optimum trade‐offs among multiple objectives, costs, and risks.     

以氢气为主要成分的其他可燃气体对低浓度甲烷爆炸特性的影响

为研究矿井火区中一氧化碳(CO)、氢气(H_2)、乙烯(C_2H_4)和乙烷(C_2H_6)等其他可燃气体对甲烷(CH_4)爆炸特性的影响,利用可视球形气体爆炸系统开展了多元可燃气体爆炸压力特性试验,观察并分析了峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率及其相应时间。通过高速摄影系统拍摄了视窗范围内爆炸火焰传播图像,基于边缘检测方法确定了火焰前锋位置,继而得到最大火焰传播速度。分析了以氢气为主要成分的其他可燃气体对低浓度CH_4-空气混合物压力特性和火焰传播行为的影响。结果表明,多元可燃气体的存在增加了低浓度CH_4-空气混合物的爆炸危险性。随混合气体体积分数增加,低浓度CH_4-空气混合物的峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率和最大火焰传播速度非线性增加;此外,到达峰值爆炸压力、最大爆炸压力上升速率的时间显著缩短。     

表面活性剂在甲烷氧化菌降解煤体甲烷中的适用性研究

甲烷氧化菌液在进入煤储层后会产生较高的毛管压力,且随着甲烷氧化菌降解煤层瓦斯的进行,毛管压力逐渐增大,容易引起水锁伤害。采取向甲烷氧化菌菌液加入复配表面活性剂以期减缓菌液造成的水锁伤害,通过测试所选表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）与椰子油脂肪酸二乙醇酰胺（CDEA）对菌液表面张力的降低程度来了解表面活性剂与菌液的配伍比例,并对含复配表面活性剂的甲烷氧化菌对煤层甲烷的降解进行研究。研究结果表明:表面活性剂与菌液最佳配伍比例为SDBS∶CDEA为1∶4,最佳配伍浓度为0.5％,且表面活性剂在菌液中稳定性较好;菌液中添加复配表活剂20 mL,在混合气体压力为2 MPa、氧浓度为 1％、温度为 30 ℃时,添加复配表面活剂菌液的甲烷最终降解率为51.65％,比未添加复配表面活剂菌液高出11％左右。因此,向甲烷氧化菌菌液中添加复配表面活性剂具有很好的适用性。     

南海莺琼盆地沉积环境中厌氧纤维素分解菌的分布与作用

在严格厌氧条件下，研究了驾琼盆地东方１－１－１井垂直剖面不同沉积层地质样品中的厌氧纤维素分解菌．结果表明：厌氧纤维素分解菌在各样品中都存在，但其分布有很大随机性，与样品埋藏深度无相关性，与样品中一些有机物含量，如纤维素、半纤维素也无相关性，厌氧纤维素分解菌数量高的样品，其在生物模拟产甲烷实验中的单位有机质产气量也较高，有显著的相关性．菌体形态主要为杆菌和球菌．     

汽车燃料和排放物的快速气相色谱分析

1　IntroductionGaschromatographyisthemostfrequentlyusedmethodsforthespeciationandquantificationoforganiccompoundsingasphaseandliquidphase .Thechemicalanalysisoforganiccompoundsintheautomotivefuelsandexhaustspeciesisanextremelyimportantandcomplexprocedure …     

阳离子交换树脂富集衍生气相色谱法测定二甲基胂酸

实验发现,碘化二甲基胂(IDA)具有很好的色谱挥发性,在5％,10％SE-30柱上可得到较好的色谱峰。二甲基胂酸(DMA)碘化后生成碘化二甲基胂(IDA)。本文提出了新的碘化萃取体系:SnCl_2-KI(1moI/l)-HCl(6mol/l)-甲苯。该体系具有转化率高、干扰少的优点。实验还发现,经过阳离子交换树脂富集,有效地消除了低浓度时,DMA转化中或转化后的分解或吸附对测定的影响,从而提高了分析结果的准确度。     

大气有机物GC分析预处理中的组分损失

大气有机物在脱水，富集过程中的组分损失造成ＧＣ分析的系统误差。回收率测定表明，在本实验条件下，疏水性有机组分在填充碱石棉与碳酸钾的脱水预柱上的损失率分别为２５％和１５％左右，亲水性的乙醇的损失经高达６０％左右。     

聚合物涂层纤维材料为固定相填充毛细管气相色谱及其在样品预处理中的应用

1　IntroductionGaschromatography(GC)isoneofthemostpopularseparationmethodsfortheanalysisofvolatilecompounds,andawidevarietyofpolymericmaterialsasthestationaryphases,havebeendeveloped .Incontrasttothesuccessfulapplicationsandsubsequentcommercializationofth…     

碱性印染废水用于燃煤锅炉烟气脱硫除尘技术

介绍了当前国内利用碱性印染废水进行燃煤锅炉烟气湿法脱硫除尘的技术,并对其进行了技术经济分析。     

高温煤气脱硫剂研究进展

系统地介绍了国外高温煤气脱硫剂的研究开发现状,指出我国重点研究开发铁系、锰系、锌系、铜系和钙系脱硫剂。