垃圾衍生燃料两段式化学链气化特性

提出了一种两段式化学链反应方式,并以Fe₂O₃为载氧体对生活垃圾衍生燃料（Refuse-Derived Fuel RDF）的化学链气化开展试验研究,分析了反应温度、载氧体含量、CaO的添加对载氧体气化性能的影响.结果表明,载氧体可以显著提高产气率,气化过程中产气率、碳转化率等均随着温度的升高而增大;随着载氧体含量的增加,CO、H₂的含量先增大后减小,在850 ℃、Fe₂O₃/C=0.15（物质的量比）时,含量最高.CaO的加入更进一步促进了焦油的裂解,提升产气率的同时,也起到了吸收CO₂的作用,改善了合成气的品质.通过X射线衍射（XRD）对反应后载氧体的组分进行了分析,结果发现,随着温度的提高,载氧体的释氧能力逐渐增强,850 ℃时,载氧体反应后被还原为FeO.     

阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的开发与煤气化黑水处理

煤气化过程产生的黑水通常采用絮凝处理去除悬浮物及部分有机物后循环使用。以丙烯酰氧乙基三甲基氯化铵为阳离子单体,以氧化还原类和偶氮类引发剂为复合引发剂,采用水溶液自由基共聚法制备了一种适用于黑水絮凝处理的阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺。实验结果表明：引发温度为15~20 ℃时,聚合反应较为平稳,1 h后聚合反应结束,于60~80 ℃干燥,得到产品相对分子质量较高,达（734~1 086）×10⁴;采用该絮凝剂絮凝处理黑水时,絮体大、沉降速率快,絮凝沉降效果佳;在煤气化装置黑水工况温度下,絮凝剂投加量为3 mg/L时,黑水中悬浮物质量浓度可从114 mg/L降至30 mg/L以下,满足现场使用要求。     

焦炉煤气的净化和有效利用途径

随着我国钢铁工业的发展，焦化行业进入到一个大发展时期。大量焦炉煤气的产生，为焦炉煤气的合理开发利用提出了新的课题。焦炉煤气的有效利用可产生巨大的经济效益，并且可避免环境污染和二次能源的浪费。     

垃圾热化学转化利用过程中碳排放的两种计算方法

为了明确城市生活垃圾焚烧和热解两种热化学方式处理过程中温室气体的排放量(简称"碳排放"或GHG),分别采用生命周期评价方法(LCA)和政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)制定的2006国家温室气体排放清单指南(简称"IPCC2006指南")进行了核算,并计算了两种垃圾热化学处理方式相对于填埋处理的GHG减排量.结果表明,两种核算方法计算所得的不同垃圾处理方式的碳排放趋势基本一致,但基于IPCC2006指南计算出的GHG减排量高于LCA方法的计算结果.相对填埋处理而言,焚烧处理的GHG减排量从LCA法的597～660kg(以CO2当量计,下同)提高到IPCC2006指南法的648～747kg;垃圾热解发电的GHG减排量从LCA法的535kg提高到IPCC2006指南法的589kg.同时,对这两种核算方法的特点及在我国的适用性进行了分析,研究认为LCA法和IPCC2006指南可以结合使用以促进我国GHG核算机制的完善.     

煤炭气化常压高温蒸汽锅炉的测试与分析

以洗浴行业为例,通过对煤炭气化高温蒸汽锅炉的节能、环保及安全指标的测试与分析,表明这种新型的锅炉可以在常压下产生150℃的高温蒸汽,在燃烧未经洗选的散煤的情况下,其排放的SO2和烟尘都达到国家一级排放标准,锅炉平均热效率可达78.05%,比同类大烟煤锅炉节省约30%,比型煤锅炉节省约50%,比燃油锅炉、燃气锅炉、电锅炉节省60%以上。     

Inhibition and recovery of nitrification in treating real coal gasification wastewater with moving bed biofilm reactor

Moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was used to treat real coal gasification wastewater. Nitrification of the MBBR was inhibited almost completely during start-up period. Sudden increase of influent total NH3 concentration was the main factor inducing nitrification inhibition. Increasing DO concentration in the bulk liquid (from 2 to 3 mg/L) had little e ect on nitrification recovery. Nitrification of the MBBR recovered partially by the addition of nitrifying sludge into the reactor and almost ceased within 5 days. Nitrification ratio of the MBBR achieved 65% within 12 days by increasing dilute ratio of the influent wastewater with tap water. The ratio of nitrification decreased to 25% when influent COD concentration increased from 650 to 1000 mg/L after nitrification recovery and recovered 70% for another 4 days.     

灰分对高硫煤热解部分气化硫变迁的影响

采用分步脱除矿物质方法,对义马原煤及HCl,HCl-HF,HCl-HNO₃处理后煤样,分别在固定床反应器中考察了热解部分气化下硫的脱除规律.结果表明:一方面在热解过程中原煤及酸处理煤样H₂S和COS的析出均呈双峰趋势,其析出值主要受温度、原煤中灰分和HNO₃氧化作用;另一方面,在部分气化和酸处理后煤样热解半焦在600℃～900℃范围内硫脱除率可达50%～80%,800℃时,无机硫可完全脱除.而原煤热解半焦总硫,无机硫的脱除率在700℃时最大.气化温度的升高,加强了碱性矿物质的固硫作用,其结果是900℃气化时,总硫和无机硫脱除率降低.酸处理后有机硫含量基本保持不变,其噻吩结构只随碳骨架的气化而析出.     

Evaluation of Brasilia wastewater sludge as a biomass resource for the production of energy by gasification simulation

This work evaluated the sludge potential of the Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETA) in the city of Brasília to be used as a fuel by gasification. It is known that ETA sludge is a significant environmental liability, since current legislation restricts its final disposal. For this, the chemical characterisation of ETA sludge was performed by immediate and elemental analysis. No traces of heavy metals were observed, and the moisture (ω) and ash contents were 31.17 and 51.77%, respectively, different from those already reported in the literature because the composition depends on the water treatment technology employed. The gasification process was numerically simulated; once dry, it constitutes a residue with an energy content (HHV) of 22.4498 MJ kg^?1, comparable with other types of biomass currently used for large-scale energy generation by thermochemical processes (e.g. agricultural residues, wood and sugar cane bagasse). For the numerical simulation with an equivalence ratio (Φ) near 3, higher concentrations of CO and H₂ can only be achieved with ω lower than 15%. The results showed that gasification can be an attractive option for the disposal and use of a renewable waste resource, such as ETA sludge, in an environmentally safe way, and it is allowed by local legislation.     

城市生活垃圾低污染气化熔融系统研究

为彻底消除城市生活垃圾焚烧过程中的二次污染,对流化床气化与旋风燃烧熔融系统进行了研究.我国典型城市生活垃圾流化床气化试验表明,最佳气化温度为600℃左右;对垃圾焚烧飞灰进行熔融特性试验表明,垃圾焚烧飞灰在1 300℃左右、垃圾掺煤焚烧飞灰在1 400℃左右时,能顺利熔融,二分解率99.99%以上,重金属有效固化.结合我国实际,提出了2种气化熔融系统方案:①基于垃圾综合处理的筛上物气化熔融技术方案;②原生垃圾+辅助燃料气化熔融技术方案;并进行相应的热力性能分析,研究表明2种方案都能较好满足气化熔融要求.