Joint effects of heavy metal binary mixtures on seed germination, root and shoot growth, bacterial bioluminescence, and gene mutation

This investigation was to assess the joint effects of metal binary mixtures on seed germination,root and shoot growth,bacterial bioluminescence,and gene mutation based on the one toxic unit(1 TU)approach.Different sensitivities and orders of toxicity of metal mixtures were observed among the bioassays.In general,mostly additive or antagonistic effects were observed,while almost no synergistic effects by the binary metal mixtures in all bioassays.Therefore,the combined effects of heavy metals in the different bioassays were difficult to generalize since they were dependent on both chemical type and the organism used in each bioassay.However, these results indicate that a battery of bioassays with mixture chemicals as opposed to just a single assay with single metal is a better strategy for the bioassessment of environmental pollutants.     

铜、镉胁迫下荻种子的萌发和幼苗生长

研究了不同质量浓度Cu、Cd胁迫对荻(Triarrhena sacchariflora(Maxim.)Nakai)种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:随着胁迫质量浓度的增大,Cu、Cd对荻种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用增强。就发芽率来看,影响荻种子萌发的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为20.81、67.37 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为16.30、42.79 mg·L-1。Cu、Cd对荻幼苗根的抑制作用大于对芽的抑制作用;芽的生长表现为低促高抑。影响荻幼苗芽生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为52.32、96.11 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为33.55、55.88 mg·L-1;影响荻幼苗根生长的Cu的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为42.33、85.03 mg·L-1,Cd的临界质量浓度和极限质量浓度分别为26.18、50.45 mg·L-1。     

Challenges to Introducing and Managing Disturbance Regimes for Holocarpha macradenia, an Endangered Annual Grassland Forb

Abstract:  Introducing rare plants to new sites for conservation to offset effects of habitat destruction requires detailed knowledge of habitat requirements, plant demography, and management needs. We conducted a factorial experiment replicated at three coastal prairie sites to test the effects of clipping frequency and litter accumulation on seed germination, seedling survival, reproduction, and seedling recruitment of introduced populations of the endangered, tall-stature, annual forb, Holocarpha macradenia (DC.) E. Greene. Clipping favored H. macradenia , primarily by enhancing seed germination and flower production. Litter accumulation had no effect on seed germination, even after 5 years of treatments. Seedling recruitment was highly site specific with large numbers of recruits recorded at only one of three sites. Although recruitment of seedlings was higher in clipped plots for 2–3 years, by 4–5 years after introduction very few seedlings survived to reproduction in any treatment. We attribute this result to a combination of poor habitat quality, small population size, and lack of a seed bank. We were unsuccessful in introducing this relatively well-studied species of concern to apparently suitable habitat at multiple sites in multiple years, which suggests that translocating rare plant populations to mitigate for habitat destruction is an expensive and highly uncertain endeavor.     

3个品种水稻种子萌发对酸雨胁迫的响应

为了探索不同水稻种植区水稻品种对酸雨胁迫的响应规律,采用室内实验方法研究pH值为2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.0的模拟酸雨对隆安优8、天协1、协优57水稻品种种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和异状发芽率5个指标的影响.结果表明:酸雨持续胁迫7d后,上述3个品种的发芽势(率)、发芽(活力)指数随胁迫强度增加(pH值为5.0～3.0)呈先增后减的变化,pH值为2.5时种子仅有异状发芽,pH值为2.0时均不发芽;3者的发芽势(率)、发芽(活力)指数等均与胁迫时间(1～7d)呈显著负相关(异状发芽率呈正相关).综合分析认为,酸雨对3个水稻品种的伤害阈限为pH值2.5～3.5;一定胁强(pH值为2.5)下,3类种子上述5项萌发指标与CK呈显著差异的胁时不同:隆安优8、协优57(4d,2d,2d,2d,4d)大于或等天协1(3d,2d,2d,2d,3d),表明3者对酸雨的抗性存在一定差异,即隆安优8、协优57大于天协1.     

Photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol under P-modified TiO2/UV system:Kinetics, intermediates, phytotoxicity and acute toxicity

A series of phosphorus-modified titanium dioxide samples with varying P/Ti atomic ratio were conveniently prepared via a conventional solgel route. The effects of phosphorus content and calcination temperature on the crystalline structure, grain growth, surface area, and the photocatalytic activity of P-modified TiO₂ were investigated. The XRD results showed that P species slow down the particle growth of anatase and increase the anatase-to-rutile phase transformation temperature to more than 900℃. Kinetic studies on the P-modified TiO₂ to degraded 4-chlorophenol had found that the TP5₅₀₀ prepared by adopting a P/Ti atomic ratio equal to 0.05 and calcined at 500℃ had an apparent rate constant equal to 0.0075 min^-1, which is superior to the performance of a commercial photocatalyst Degussa P25 K_app = 0.0045 min^-1 and of unmodified TiO₂ (TP0₅₀₀) K_app = 0.0022 min^-1. From HPLC analyses, various hydroxylated intermediates formed during oxidation had been identified, including hydroquinone (HQ), benzoquinone (BQ) and (4CC) 4-chlorocatechol as main products. Phytotoxicity was assessed before and after irradiation against seed germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) whereas acute toxicity was assessed by using Folsomia candida as the test organism. Intermediates products were all less toxic than 4-chlorophenol and a significant removal of the overall toxicity was accomplished     

短毛紫荆花粉生活力测定及贮藏方法研究

为进行紫荆的杂交育种和开发利用,以短毛紫荆花粉为试材,利用离体培养法、3种染色法（碘-碘化钾染色、醋酸洋红和ITC）对花粉生活力进行了测定,并研究了不同贮藏温度及时间对花粉萌发的影响.结果表明,培养基中添加蔗糖和硼酸对花粉的萌发有促进作用,短毛紫荆花粉萌发的适宜培养基为：15％蔗糖＋0.004％硼酸＋0.08％的琼脂,萌发率达88.46％;醋酸洋红染色法适宜快速测定短毛紫荆花粉生活力;短毛紫荆花粉最佳的贮藏方法为-196℃,经济的贮藏方法为-20℃.     

生物炭早期植物毒性评估培养方法研究

为更加科学地评估生物炭潜在植物毒性,采用生物炭(B)、生物炭+土壤(B+S)、生物炭水浸提液+土壤(AE+S)、生物炭+石英砂(B+Q)、生物炭水浸提液+石英砂(AE+Q)5种不同的培养方法进行早期植物毒性效应实验。比较分析不同培养方法中西红柿种子发芽率、根长、芽长对生物炭的响应。结果表明:在5种培养方法中,随生物炭剂量增加,西红柿种子发芽率、根长、芽长呈现先增后降的变化趋势。虽在低剂量生物炭处理下(10.0 g·kg~(-1)),种子萌发表现出促进作用。但随剂量增加,除B+S和AE+S外,均表现出一定的抑制作用,且当剂量为160.0 g·kg~(-1)时,抑制作用达到最大。对比有土和无土培养方法中种子萌发情况发现,在高剂量下,无土培养方法中种子发芽率,根、芽生长所受抑制作用显著高于有土培养方法。无土方法中,尤其AE+Q方法中,高剂量生物炭对种子发芽率、根长、芽长表现出最大的抑制作用,其中发芽率抑制率为91.1%,根长抑制率为77.7%,芽长抑制率为93.7%。综合比较分析,生物炭水浸提液+石英砂(AE+Q)的培养方法干扰因子少,可提高毒性响应灵敏度。因此,在生物炭早期植物毒性效应评估中,该法可作为推荐的培养方法。     

荧蒽对大豆种子发芽的影响

针对国内外有关荧蒽(FLT)对种子萌发影响研究极少的现状,本文设置5个质量浓度(2,5,15,25,50 mg·L-1)的染毒组、1个空白对照组(0 mg·L-1)和1个助溶剂对照组(丙酮体积分数为1%),以大豆种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数和幼苗长度为测量指标,探索性地研究了FLT对大豆种子萌发的毒性效应。结果表明:在浓度小于15 mg·L-1的FLT胁迫下,大豆发芽率与对照相比无显著差异,大于等于15 mg·L-1的FLT胁迫则显著抑制了发芽率(p0.05)。发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数则对FLT的胁迫作用更加敏感,当FLT浓度大于等于5 mg·L-1时呈显著降低(p0.05)。FLT对幼苗长度起抑制作用,且随浓度越高和处理时间增长,抑制作用逐渐增强。     

Allelopathic effect of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii extracts on the germination and growth of several plant species

Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii is an invasive cyanobacterium and a potential producer of the alkaloid toxin cylindrospermopsin (CYN). Extracts of two strains of C. raciborskii were tested for their effects on the germination and growth of Lactuca sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pisum sativum and Solanum lycopersicum. Germination was not significantly inhibited for any of the plant species tested, but growth was affected, depending on the species. Root and stem growth in L. sativa was generally stimulated by both strains. Ph. vulgaris root growth was stimulated by both strains but no effect was visible in stem growth. S. lycopersicum root growth was inhibited by both strains and stem growth was inhibited only by the CYN strain. P. sativum root growth was also inhibited by both strains but stem growth was stimulated. CYN accumulation was also differential with toxin transfer to the stem. Ph. vulgaris accumulated the highest CYN concentration. This study suggests that plants behave differently in their response to this toxin and that roots and stems also show different abilities to react and accumulate the toxin. Knowledge of the impact of CYN- and non-CYN-producing cyanobacteria in different plant species and translocation of the toxin to different plant parts is essential for the avoidance of human as well as environmental health hazards.     

Possible cause of inhibition of seed germination in two rice cultivars by heavy metals Pb2+ and Hg2+

Seeds of two rice cultivars (Oryza sativa) cv. PR-116 and Pant Dhan-12 subjected to heavy metal lead (Pb²⁺) and mercury (Hg²⁺) exposure showed an inhibition in germination percentage, shoot and root length, and lower fresh and dry weight after 7 days. Both Pb²⁺ and Hg²⁺ inhibited the solubilization process of starch due to reduction in α-amylase activity, which is also evident from greater starch content and reduced soluble carbohydrate content of endosperms of treated seeds of the two cultivars. Mercury was more tolerated by Pant Dhan-12 when grown under in vitro culture medium containing 2% sucrose. The inhibitory effect of Pb²⁺ on embryo growth was not only abolished but also accelerated by 2% sucrose. The inhibitory effect, however, was not significantly blocked in Hg²⁺-treated embryos grown in vitro in sucrose containing medium. Embryos did not grow normally in a medium devoid of sucrose in either case. Data indicated that Pb²⁺ inhibited germination and seedling growth by impairing the solubilization of endosperm starch without markedly affecting the embryo, while Hg²⁺ inhibited germination and seedling growth by damaging the embryo itself.