环境规制、要素禀赋与我国贸易模式的实证分析

当今的全球化趋势在导致贸易壁垒不断削减的同时,各国的环境规制却随之不断提升.本文使用世界银行的产业污染排放系统(IPPS)对我国制造业进行细分,运用显示性比较优势指数方法,把环境规制因素和要素禀赋因素同时引入到对贸易模式的分析.结果表明,贸易开放使我国的比较优势得以发挥,这表现为更多地专业化于清洁的劳动密集型产业,因此,即使总的污染排放有所增加,但单位产出的污染排放强度会有所下降.但另一方面,贸易开放使外资的流入增加,而资本累积是影响污染排放强度的主要因素,这必将导致我国的制造业结构更多地转向污染产业.因此,随着我国对外开放程度的加深,污染排放必呈上升态势.针对污染排放增加的原因,有效地利用产业政策和环境政策对实现资源环境的可持续发展是相当重要的.     

第一届亚太区安全健康海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛

第一届亚太区安全健成海报、录像带创作比赛即将在港举行我国有关职业安全卫生单位积极报名参赛第十三届亚太区职业安全健康组织大会及展览会将于１９９７年４月２１日至４月２６日在香港举行，这是香港职业安全健康局首次主办的大型国际性会议，预计将有二千多人参加，此...     

QUALITY OF 1995 SPRING TOTAL DISSOLVED GAS DATA: COLUMBIA AND SNAKE RWERS1

ABSTRACT: The quality of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' (Corps) total dissolved gas (TDG) data base for the 1995 spring spill season was reviewed to determine the value of this information in real-time management decisions regarding river operations. We concluded that problems in transmitting, archiving, correcting and interpreting the records constitute significant sources of data anomalies that affect the accuracy and reliability of information necessary to manage spill and TDG in the Columbia and Snake rivers. The data base that was reviewed covers 25 selected Columbia and Snake river stations, and includes real-time TDG data needed to regulate spill operations to maintain gas levels within state water quality standards and to monitor effects on fish and aquatic life during the salmon migration season. A wide range of anomalies (daily averages missing or in error or based on incomplete records) was detected in more than one-third (37 percent) of the Corps' gas data base. Extreme anomalies (daily averages including errors and discontinuities for more than eight hours in a day) were found in 16 percent of the data base. The Fish Passage Center, also reviewed the Corps' data and reported an overall 33 percent incidence of anomalous days. Despite arriving at similar findings about the Corps' data base, we detected a 28 percent discrepancy in the type of data anomalies between our analyses. Real. time improvements in the quality of the dissolved gas data base are necessary to provide managers with a reliable product from this monitoring effort.     

Reviews

Alex de Waal Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa Keith Smith Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster Kenneth Hewitt Regions of Risk: A Geographical Introduction to Disasters John Seaman The Public Health Consequences of Disasters John Prendergast Frontline Diplomacy. Humanitarian Aid and Conflict in Africa John Prendergast Crisis Response. Humanitarian Band-Aids in Sudan and Somalia Christopher Hood and David K.C. Jones Accident and Design: Contemporary Debates on Risk Management D. Hulme and M. Edwards NGOs, States and Donors. Too Close for Comfort? James C. Hathaway Reconceiving International Refugee Law Rhona Flin Sitting in the Hot Seat Donald Meichenbaum On Treating Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Handbook and Practice Manual for Therapy R. Scarpa and R.I. Tilling Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards Hanna Schmuck-Widmann Living with Floods: Survival Strategies of Char-dwellers in Bangladesh     

城市可持续发展与城市政府职能

城市作为我国行政区划中重要单元和区域经济活动的中心,城市经济、社会发展直接关系着全国的发展水平,城市可持续发展在我国可持续发展中占有重要的地位。城市政府是推动城市可持续发展的首位力量。本文分析了城市可持续发展面临的主要问题,阐述了城市政府五大主要职能,探讨了城市可持续发展与城市经济社会职能的关系。     

论环境保护基础设施建设的筹资及运营机制改革

本文从环境保护基础设施建设存在的资金短缺和利用效率低的现状出发,对现有的筹资方式和经营机制进行分析,提出了今后加快环境保护基础设施建设筹资和改革运营机制的基本思路。     

Improving pesticide regulation in the third world: The role of an independent hazard auditor

Central to the environmental and health hazards created by the expanding use of pesticides in developing countries is the weakness of national regulatory agencies. This article reviews current international efforts aimed at supporting these institutions and describes the contribution that an external “hazard auditor” might make in assessing the pesticide industry's adherence to accepted standards of health and environmental protection. An independent evaluation of this kind may prove attractive to all parties in the long-standing confrontation over the control of pesticide technology: the industry, public interest groups, developing and developed countries, and international agencies. The article outlines one approach to operationalizing the concept and examines initial responses to the proposal. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the International Commission on Occupational Health/International Development Research Centre Symposium on the Impact of Pesticide Use on Health in Developing Countries, 17–21 September 1990, Ottawa, Canada.     

作物高产高效种植的功能目标和技术调控

本文根据在安宁河流域实施高产高效种植模式的实践,就高产高效栽培的功能目标和技术调控等问题进行了探讨。作物高产高效种植集生物、环境、经济、技术于一体,其中,技术居主导地位,对整个组合进行调控,使之按高产稳产优质低耗高效的目标发展。社会的需求量、农民的积极性、生态良性性、环境吻合性和能量高效转化性是评价高产高效种植模式功能目标的原则。系统的调控机制有三个层次,即自然调控、直接调控、间接调控。农业科技通过生态环境调控、输入输出调控、物种结构调控、综合关系调控等途径实现调控机制。科学技术的选择原则是:生物生理生态适应性、自然环境吻合性、社会经济允许性、配套有序整体性和推广普及性。     

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS IN CORPS PLANNING1

ABSTRACT: Survey data from samples of two types of Corps of Engineers planning studies have been collected. The nature of significant environmental issues affecting the studies was ascertained. Information concerning District administrative practices and communication patterns and extraorganizational coordination procedures was also obtained. Statistical analysis examined the relationships between these practices and procedures and the consideration given environmental issues in plan formulation and modification decisions. Environmental issues receive greater consideration in plan formulation decisions where District policies encourage interdisciplinary planning and direct communication between planners and environmental interests. Plan modification decisions reflect environmental considerations to a greater degree where significant controversy exists and where reviewing agencies actively pursue environmental issues.     

LAKE SUPERIOR REGULATION EFFECTS

ABSTRACT: The outflows of Lake Superior through the St. Marys River have been modified from natural conditions, initially by the construction of engineering works, such as bridges, and later by the construction of control works and the regulation of the lake. For all practical purposes, the period from 1860 to 1887 represents the natural river conditions. During the period 1888-1900 the regimen was modified by the construction of the International Railroad Bridge and the Chandler-Dunbar Power Canal. In 1901 construction began on the compensating works. Following the completion of the compensating works in August 1921, the Lake Superior outflows were regulated in accordance with the Orders of Approval, 26 and 27 May 1914. A hydrologic response model was developed to simulate the natural Lake Superior regime. The model was run for the 1860–1975 period to simulate natural Lake Superior levels and outflows. The simulated levels were compared with the recorded levels to determine the effect of regulation. It was found that regulation has resulted in a rise in Lake Superior water levels. The simulated natural outflows for the period from 1937 to 1975 were run through the Great Lakes hydrologic response model to analyze the regulation effects on Lakes Michigan-Huron, St. Clair, and Erie. The results show no long-term bias due to regulation.