论古河道资源的开发利用与对策——以华北平原为例

古河道是一种由形态、物质组成的国土资源,各大江河冲积平原均有分布。利用古河道资源可蒸制灰砂砖,开采泥炭、砂料和地下水,发展旅游产业和多种经营,尤其是在半干旱、半湿润地区利用古河道建设地下水库,调蓄水资源,既可扩大水资源,又能综合治理旱涝碱成。     

PLANNING FOR DROUGHT: THE ROLE OF STATE GOVERNMENT1

ABSTRACT: Although droughts are a frequent occurrence over much of the United States, response by state and federal government has been ineffective and poorly coordinated. Recently, several states have recognized the value of drought emergency planning and have developed plans to assist them in responding more effectively to prolonged periods of water shortage. These states have created an organizational structure to coordinate the assessment and response activities of state and federal agencies. Each state's drought response plan is unique since each state's water supply and management problems, and their consequent impacts, are unique. The drought response plans developed by Colorado, South Dakota and New York are reviewed here in detail. We recommend that other states affected by frequent and severe water shortages also develop drought emergency plans. These plans will enhance state government's ability to implement effective measures in a timely manner and, ultimately, may provide added incentive for the federal government to develop the national drought response plan called for by the General Accounting Office in 1979.     

TECHNICAL CLARITY IN INTER-AGENCY NEGOTIATIONS: LESSONS FROM FOUR HYDROPOWER PROJECTS1

ABSTRACT: We investigated the effect of technical clarity on success in multi-party negotiations in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) licensing process. Technical clarity is the shared understanding of dimensions such as the geographic extent of the project, range of flows to be considered, important species and life stages, and variety of water uses considered. The results of four hydropower licensing consultations are reported. Key participants were interviewed to ascertain the level of technical clarity present during the consultations and the degree to which the consultations were successful. Technical clarity appears to be a prerequisite for successful outcomes. Factors that enhance technical clarity include simple project design, new rather than existing projects, precise definition of issues, a sense of urgency to reach agreement, a sense of fairness among participants, and consistency in participation. Negotiators should not neglect the critical pre-negotiation steps of defining technical issues and determining appropriate studies, deciding how to interpret studies, and agreeing on responses to study results.     

The Macquarie Marshes in Arid Australia and their waterbirds: A 50-year history of decline

We investigated the relationship between total annual flow of water in the Macquarie River and the extent of flooding in the northern part of the Macquarie Marshes and trends in waterbird populations from 1983 to 1993. The amount of water in the Macquarie River measured each year within the Macquarie Marshes explained about 86% of the variation in area flooded in the northern part of this wetland. This allowed use of long-term data on flow at Oxley, a gauge within the Macquarie Marshes, as an index to flooding. Annual flows at Oxley have decreased significantly for high and medium rainfall events in the catchment, despite no trend in rainfall between 1944 and 1993. The area flooded by large floods has contracted by at least 40–50% during the last 50 years (1944–1993). Water use has progressively increased upstream in the period, depriving the Macquarie Marshes of water: 51% of all water passing Dubbo each year, a gauge 100 km upstream, reached the Macquarie Marshes in the period 1944–1953, but by 1984–1993 this had declined to 21%. Numbers of species and density of waterbirds on the northern part of the Macquarie Marshes declined between 1983 and 1993. Three other wetlands, not affected by water abstractions, showed no declines. We believe the decline was due to wetland degradation as a result of decreased flooding. We estimated more than 88,000 waterbirds in the Macquarie Marshes in October 1984, establishing the site as an important wetland site in Australia. The extent and viability of this wetland will depend on maintaining or increasing the water supply.     

New perspectives in ecotoxicology

The task of regulating potentially harmful chemicals in the environment is presently hindered by the lack of appropriate concepts and methods for evaluating the effects of anthropogenic chemicals on ecosystems. Toxicity tests at the molecular and physiological levels have been used successfully as indicators of adverse effects on test organisms and have been extrapolated to humans to establish a basis for risk assessment. However, laboratory measurements of effects upon individuals do not translate readily into potential effects upon natural populations, in part because natural populations interact with other populations and with the physical environment. Even more difficult to assess are the deleterious impacts of anthropogenic chemicals on ecosystems, because of effects on species interactions, diversity, nutrient cycling, productivity, climatic changes, and other processes.Effects on ecosystems resulting from chemical stresses are outside the realm of classical toxicology, and an ecosystem-level perspective is essential for the consideration of such effects; but the science that deals with ecosystem-level effects,ecotoxicology, is still developing. This article synthesizes the topics discussed at a workshop on ecotoxicology held by the Ecosystems Research Center at Cornell University. Topics covered include: the regulatory framework in which ecotoxicological research must be applied; ecosystem modification of toxicant fate and transport; how ecosystem composition, structure, and function are influenced by chemicals; methods currently available for predicting the effects of chemicals at the ecosystem level; and recommendations on research needs to enhance the state of the science of ecotoxicology.     

我国煤炭行业潜在危机与现实矿难的成因和对策

针对我国煤炭行业矿难频发,尚未有效遏制的现状,从对行业现实矿难的统计数据和潜在危机的现象分析入手,运用系统理论的观点,根据煤炭行业的复杂系统特征进一步分析危机和矿难形成的原因和机理。笔者认为,煤炭系统的危机和矿难是由系统运行过程中的矛盾和风险演变而来的,行业内部结构失衡是危机形成的内在因素,造成系统处于病态运行状态、危机潜伏;能源需求的非理性是危机形成的外部因素,造成系统病态运行加剧、危机加重;矿难则是处于危机状态的煤炭系统运行过程中剧烈波动而产生的突发危机事件。根据分析和研究所得的结论,提出必须纳入煤炭内部系统、纳入国家能源系统和宏观经济系统中,对煤炭行业危机和矿难进行多层次宏观层面的调控并采取新的对策。     

美国职业卫生法规、监管及统计体系

美国是工业发达国家,是世界上最早建立“职业安全和卫生法”的国家之一。基于该法,美国确立以职业安全卫生监察局(OSHA)为执法机构、职业安全卫生复审委员会(OSHRC)为监督机构的职业卫生监管体系;同时,以劳工统计局(BLS)为统计主管机构,建立以“1904规范”为基础的企业雇主对其作业场所职业卫生记录和报告制度,并辅以两种形式的政府主动调查,形成了自下至上和自上至下相结合的调查统计体系。目前,我国职业卫生的调查统计体系尚未形成。因此,需要从工业发达国家的职业卫生法规、监管入手,以系统的方法和思路,分析其调查统计体系,学习工业发达国家的经验。研究结果认为美国的职业卫生统计体系具有上层法律及相关条例完备、组织体系职责分明、形成了政府主动调查与企业记录报告相结合的调查统计体系等明显的特点。     

流域管理中公众参与问题的探讨

我国流域管理存在很多不足,缺乏公众参与就是其中一个重要问题。文章阐述了国外公众参与流域管理的实践经验。我国公众参与流域管理普遍存在的问题是:民间力量弱小,公众参与流域管理的权利缺乏法律保障,流域区居民的利益往往被忽略。文章提出:对流域管理中的公众参与应加强宣传教育,拓宽公众参与的渠道和途径;健全流域管理法律制度,明确公众参与的法律权利;建立环境公益诉讼制度;加强国际交流与合作。     

循环经济建设中的政府职能与企业社会责任

《中华人民共和国循环经济促进法》的颁布和实施,标志着我国经济发展进入了一个新的阶段。对政府职能提出了。些新的要求漫企业也将承担相应的社会责任。承担社会责任的能力也将成为企业核心竞争力的一部分。     

我国制定ECRL规制性政策的探讨

随着我国经济的发展,电子废弃物的规模正以惊人的速度增长,造成了环境危害,发展电子废弃物逆向物流（ECRL）刻不容缓。由于ECRL具有外部性特征,政府必须要在发展ECRL中担任主要角色,并制定可行的规制性政策。基于对这一问题的相关研究,以欧盟为例,对比我国与欧盟的ECRL规制性政策,对我国制定ECRL规制性政策提出对策建议。