A Comparison of Precipitation Sensors Used on the Wet-Only Collectors

The variability in performance of three precipitation sensor types, mounted on three identical wet-only collectors, has been compared for eight months at a single site. The catch efficiencies, determined from the sample volumes, are relatively high for these three apparatuses, since they exceed 89% on average. The recorded data of openings and closings of collector lids reveal that the highest losses of collection efficiency, observed for rainfalls of low intensity and low amount, are largely imputable to design and running characteristics of each sensor. Ionic compositions between the samples of these three collectors are relatively close, although significant differences are especially found for H⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺, suggesting that these apparatuses are differently exposed to the dry deposition of soil particles. The RS 85 sensor seems to be the most suitable one of the three, since it ensures a high catch efficiency for all rain types and tends to limit the exposures of funnel to the dry deposition.     

哈尔滨春季大气PM_(2.5)物理化学特征及来源解析

应用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)和带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)对哈尔滨市春季市区大气PM2.5的物理和化学特征进行研究。微观图像表明PM2.5颗粒类型主要为矿物、烟尘集合体、飞灰和超细颗粒物;从各种颗粒的数量-粒度、体积-粒度分布及矿物元素分析表明,哈尔滨市大气PM2.5颗粒中,矿物、烟尘集合体、飞灰是颗粒的主要成分,分别来源于扬尘、燃煤燃烧和机动车尾气排放。     

Effects of Recent Volcanic Eruptions on Aquatic Habitat in the Drift River, Alaska, USA: Implications at Other Cook Inlet Region Volcanoes

/ Numerous drainages supporting productive salmon habitat are surrounded by active volcanoes on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska. Eruptions have caused massive quantities of flowing water and sediment to enter the river channels emanating from glaciers and snowfields on these volcanoes. Extensive damage to riparian and aquatic habitat has commonly resulted, and benthic macroinvertebrate and salmonid communities can be affected. Because of the economic importance of Alaska's fisheries, detrimental effects on salmonid habitat can have significant economic implications. The Drift River drains glaciers on the northern and eastern flanks of Redoubt Volcano. During and following eruptions in 1989-1990, severe physical disturbances to the habitat features of the river adversely affected the fishery. Frequent eruptions at other Cook Inlet region volcanoes exemplify the potential effects of volcanic activity on Alaska's important commercial, sport, and subsistence fisheries. Few studies have documented the recovery of aquatic habitat following volcanic eruptions. The eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in 1989-1990 offered an opportunity to examine the recovery of the macroinvertebrate community. Macroinvertebrate community composition and structure in the Drift River were similar in both undisturbed and recently disturbed sites. Additionally, macroinvertebrate samples from sites in nearby undisturbed streams were highly similar to those from some Drift River sites. This similarity and the agreement between the Drift River macroinvertebrate community composition and that predicted by a qualitative model of typical macroinvertebrate communities in glacier-fed rivers indicate that the Drift River macroinvertebrate community is recovering five years after the disturbances associated with the most recent eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. KEY WORDS: Aquatic habitat; Volcanoes; Lahars; Lahar-runout flows; Macroinvertebrates; Community structure; Community composition; Taxonomic similarity     

The number of males in primate social groups: a comparative test of the socioecological model

As applied to polygynous mammals, the socioecological model assumes that environmental risks and resources determine the spatial and temporal distribution of females, which then sets male strategies for monopolizing fertile matings. The effects of female spatial distribution (i.e., female number) and temporal overlap (female mating synchrony) have been examined in comparative studies of primates, but the relative influence of these two factors on male monopolization potential (the number of males) remains unclear. One particular problem is that female synchrony is more difficult to estimate than female number. This paper uses multivariate statistical methods and three independent estimates of female synchrony to assess the roles of spatial and temporal effects in the context of a phylogenetically corrected dataset. These analyses are based on sensitivity analyses involving a total of four phylogenies, with two sets of branch length estimates for each tree, and one nonphylogenetic analysis in which species values are used (because male behavior may represent a facultative response to the distribution of females). The results show: (1) that breeding seasonality predicts male number (statistically significant in six out of nine sensitivity tests); (2) that expected female overlap, after controlling for female group size using residuals, also accounts for the number of males in primate groups (significant in eight out of nine tests), and (3) that actual estimates of female mating synchrony predict male number, again after correcting for female group size (significant in five out of nine tests). Nonsignificant results are in the predicted direction, and female group size is significant in all statistical tests. These analyses therefore demonstrate an independent influence of female temporal overlap on male monopolization strategies in mammalian social systems. Received: 24 July 1998 / Received in revised form: 5 February 1999 / Accepted: 7 February 1999     

固硫型煤渣烧制水泥熟料的研究初探

发展固硫型煤工业是治理煤烟型大气污染及减少二氧化硫对大气污染的有效途径。燃烧固硫型煤将产生大量固硫煤渣,对环境构成新的威胁。本文从实验探索的角度,研究开发利用固硫渣的途径。实验中对固硫渣做了化学全分析,用Ｘ－射线粉末衍射法（ＸＲＰＤ）对固硫渣及其加入一定量的添加剂后的煅烧产物进行物相鉴定,证实在一定的条件下固硫渣可以烧制成硫铝酸盐水泥熟料     

北京市大气中挥发性有机物的组成特征

采用预浓缩—GC-MS方法分析了北京市大气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成,共检测出108种,其主要成分是饱和烷烃(33%)、芳香烃(21%)、烯烃(16%)、卤代烷烃(20%)、卤代烯烃(9%)和卤代芳香烃(1%),总VOCs平均质量浓度为(163 7±39 0)μg m3。更重要的是,在检出物中有54种是有毒有害的物质,主要成分是苯系物和卤代烃,其中苯,甲苯,丙烯,1,3-丁二烯,氯乙烯和1,2-二氯乙烷是含量最高的组分。      

广东东部重要渔业水域叶绿素变化特征的研究

根据1997年8月至2003年5月对粤东近海重要渔业水域生态环境研究的资料,对叶绿素的含量、组成和季节变化进行了分析讨论。结果表明,广东东部近海的叶绿素平均含量6.45mg/m3,其中柘林湾水域的叶绿素含量最高(9.12mg/m3),大亚湾水域的含量最低(3.61mg/m3)。考洲洋、珠江口水域叶绿素含量有季节/年度差异;大亚湾、红海湾水域叶绿素含量的季节差异较小。叶绿素a是叶绿素的主要组分,占60%～80%,叶绿素b、c分别占7%～24%和6%～19%。研究水域的叶绿素含量和季节变化与营养盐、水体的温盐等理化因子的变化有关,而叶绿素组成的变化与浮游植物的生长状况、群落结构以及环境条件的变化有关。     

Cadmium uptake by different rice genotypes that produce white or dark grains

IntroductionCadmium(Cd)isanon essentialtracemetalthathasadverseeffectsonplants,animalsandhumans.EnvironmentalcontaminationwithCdduetoanthropogenicactivities,suchasmining,industry,agricultureandwastedisposalhasbeenincreasingsincethebeginningofthe 2 0thcentury (Alloway,1995) .ResearchoncontrollingCdpollutionassociatedwithassessingandmanagingacuteinjurytohumanhealththroughoccupationalexposureanddisposalofCdfromindustrialpointsourcestolocalpopulationsthroughseveralpathwayshasmadeconsiderableadva…     

Effects of traffic pollution on the genetic structure of Poa annua L. populations

The genetic composition of Poa annua L, populations with a series of traffic pollution was studied by starch electrophoresis. Five enzyme systems were stained. The results showed that: (1) Traffic pollution can dramatically change genotypic frequencies at some loci of P. annua populations. Significant deviations from HardyWeinberg equilibrium were observed on loci Fe - 1 and Me due to the excess of heterozygotes in some populations.(2) The effective number of alleles per locus and the observed and expected heterozygosity were higher in the pollution series than in the clear control site(Botanic Park population), but the increase was not related with the pollution extent. (3) Most genetic variation was found within populations, and only 6.21% was among populations of the polluted series. Slightly higher differentiation( FST = 7.98%) was observed when the control population was included. (4) The calculated gene flow(Nm) is 2.8841 per generation. The mean of genetic identity is 0.9864 and the genetic distance average to 0.0138.     

基于层次分析法的烟火药制造过程爆炸事故分析

结合烟花爆竹行业安全评价经验,在危险源辨识理论的指导下,运用因果图法对该过程发生的爆炸事故进行定性分析,找出导致事故发生的因素;再运用层次分析法(AHP)进行定量分析,建立层次结构模型,求出各因素的权重,得出各因素的重要程度,从而确定导致事故发生的关键因素,以此作为事故预防的重点。结果表明,人的不安全行为是影响事故的主导因素,此结论符合烟花爆竹行业生产现状,可以为企业制定合理的、有针对性的对策措施提供依据。