闽江干流下游河段纳污能力的研究

建立闽江干流下游河段二维非稳态水质水量模型,根据2004年实测资料对模型中的水质参数进行率定;对各排污口进行概化,应用模型模拟出闽江干流下游河段浓度场,并得出排污口混合带长度与排污量的响应关系;根据概化排污口在限定混合带长度下的平均纳污能力扩展到有效纳污能力计算长度后得到整个水体的纳污能力。经计算,闽江干流下游河段对COD的纳污能力为58195t/a。     

溶氧对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化脱氮的影响

好氧颗粒污泥外表和内在的不同溶氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)水平分别适合硝化和反硝化微生物的生长,形成具有同步硝化反硝化功能的脱氮体系.DO水平对颗粒污泥内部厌氧好氧区域的构成有影响,改变DO可以研究氧对好氧颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化过程的影响.结果显示,反应系统在一定DO参与下对有机物的去除效率较高,各种条件下均能达到90%左右;高DO(≥3.0 mg/L)提高硝化速率,但易造成反应过程中NO2-和NO3-的积累;低DO(≤2.0mg/L)下反应积累的硝化产物少;在颗粒污泥同步硝化反硝化反应过程中适当控制供氧,可减少运行过程中N2O的排放.实验条件下,控制DO在1～2 mg/L为佳;在低DO情况下,NO2-通过短程反硝化反应直接还原为气态的N2O和N2;高DO情况下,大部分NO2-以全程反硝化方式还原为气态氮.好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的硝化反硝化能力,而DO对硝化反硝化过程有很大的影响,且低DO更有利于氮的去除和N2O排放量的降低.     

NO2-作为缺氧吸磷电子受体的试验研究

利用SBR反应器,采用NO₂^-的2种投加方式研究了以NO₂^-为电子受体吸磷的聚磷菌的诱导过程.采用NO₂^-连续投加方式,经过23d的诱导,聚磷菌可以利用NO₂^-为电子受体吸磷,最大吸磷速率达到10.44 mg/(g·h),缺氧吸磷量占缺氧和好氧吸磷总量的97%以上;比较NO₂^-的2种投加方式,发现NO₂^-集中投加方式的缺氧吸磷速率及缺氧段吸磷百分数都小于连续投加的运行方式,为了得到较好的缺氧聚磷效果,建议采用连续加入NO₂^-的运行方式.在SBR反应器内,通过调节COD负荷、沉淀时间、HRT等操作条件,培养出了具有反硝化聚磷能力的颗粒污泥,颗粒污泥的平均粒径为315μm,污泥比重在1.006 4～1.016 5之间,含水率为96.78%～98.14%,SVI在25～40 mL/g之间.试验中COD处理负荷高达1.5 kg/(m³·d),氮、磷的去除率也在90%以上.     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理3-硝基酚废水研究

利用实验室规模的UASB反应器,研究了颗粒污泥驯化前后的特性,3-硝基酚(3-NP)的降解效果和UASB处理3-NP废水的工艺参数.结果表明,驯化过程中颗粒污泥很快适应3-NP废水;扫描电镜观察显示,颗粒污泥表面丝状菌占优势.在3-NP废水厌氧降解性实验中,保持HRT和进水COD浓度不变,分别为26 h和2 500 mg/L左右,当3-NP浓度由20 mg/L逐渐提高到250 mg/L时,COD去除率由95.2%下降到85.1%;3-NP的去除率保持在99%以上;3-AP是3-NP降解过程中的主要中间产物,3-NP转化为3-AP的转化率由58.7%上升到111.9%;产气量变化较小,甲烷占总产气量百分数最小为65%,最大为74%.     

煤层注水中水分蒸发现象的研究

对煤层注水的水分蒸发现象进行了研究 ;提出了注入水分蒸发的力学平衡公式 ;研究了影响水分蒸发的各项因素。在此基础上 ,提出了在注水钻孔中添加粘尘棒 ,阻止注入水分过早蒸发的新方法 ,并进行了纯水和粘尘棒溶液在煤体中蒸发的试验。     

Aspects of biopsy procedures prior to preimplantation genetic diagnosis

Today, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is offered in over 40 centres worldwide for an expanded range of genetic defects causing disease. This very early form of prenatal diagnosis involves the detection of affected embryos by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) (sex determination or chromosomal defects) or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (monogenic diseases) prior to implantation. Genetic analysis of the embryos involves the removal of some cellular mass from the embryos (one or two blastomeres at cleavage-stage or some extra-embryonic trophectoderm cells at the blastocyst stage) by means of an embryo biopsy procedure. Genetic analysis can also be performed preconceptionally by removal of the first polar body. However, additional information is then often gained by removal of the second polar body and/or a blastomere from the embryo. Removal of polar bodies or cellular material from embryos requires an opening in the zona pellucida, which can be created in a mechanical way (partial zona dissection) or chemical way (acidic Tyrode's solution). However, the more recent introduction of laser technology has facilitated this step enormously. Different biopsy procedures at different preimplantation stages are reviewed here, including their pros and cons and their clinical applications. The following aspects will also be discussed: safety of zona drilling by laser, use of Ca²⁺/Mg²⁺-free medium for decompaction, and removal of one or two cells from cleavage-stage embryos. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自行设计的生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合反应器,研究不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验过程中设置了3种不同的工况,每种工况的好氧区和厌氧区容积均不同,工况Ⅰ的是9.66 L和15.34 L,工况Ⅱ的分别为12.56 L和12.44 L,工况Ⅲ的是15.42 L和9.58 L.不同的好/厌氧区容积对应不同的容积负荷.结果表明,工况Ⅰ的氨氮与磷酸盐去除效果稍差,工况Ⅲ出水硝态氮较高,造成总氮去除率较低.工况Ⅱ是最佳运行条件,系统的氨氮去除率为80.63%,氮容积去除负荷为150.27 g·(m3·d)-1,COD去除率为83.24%,释磷量与吸磷量分别为7.23 mg·L-1和11.93 mg·L-1.     

GeoChip-based analysis of the microbial community functional structures in simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification process

The elemental sulfur （S^0） recover）, was evaluated in the presence of hi,ate in two development models of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification （SDD） process. At the loading rates of 0.9 kg S/（m^3.day） for sulfide and 0.4 kg N/（m^3.day） for nitrate, SO conversion rate was 91.1% in denitrifying sulfide removal （DSR） model which was higher than in integrated simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification （ISDD） model （25.6%）. A comprehensive analysis of functional diversity, structure and metabolic potential of microbial communities was examined in two models by using functional gene array （GeoChip 2.0）. GeoChip data indicated that diversity indices, community structure, and abundance of functional genes were distinct between two models. Diversity indices （Simpson＇s diversity index （1/D） and Shannon-Weaver index （H′）） of all detected genes showed that with elevated infiuent loading rate, the functional diversity decreased in ISDD model but increased in DSR model. In contrast to ISDD model, the overall abundance of dsr genes was lower in DSR model, while some functional genes targeting from nitrate-reducing sulfide-oxidizingbacteria {NR-SOB）, such as Thiobacillus denitrficans, Sulfurimonas denitrificans, and Paracoccus pantotrophus were more abundant in DSR model which were highly associated with the change of SO conversion rate obtained in two models. The results obtained in this study provide additional insights into the microbial metabolic mechanisms involved in ISDD and DSR models, which in turn will improve the overall performance of SDD process.     

以污水厂二沉污泥为种泥培养颗粒污泥的研究

在自制生物反应器中,以天津市纪庄子污水处理厂二沉池回流污泥为种泥,通过控制系统的运行条件成功培养出了好氧颗粒污泥,并研究了其除污性能。试验结果表明：该好氧颗粒污泥具有良好的沉降性及生物活性,并具有良好的除污效果和硝化脱氮能力,对COD、NIV—N的去除率可达到90％、80％以上,达到国标GB18918—2002一级排放标准。     

水体砷污染控制与治理技术研究

分析了水体砷污染来源及危害,总结了水体砷污染的控制途径以及水体砷污染的治理方法,对水体砷污染进行了展望。