厌氧颗粒污泥启动复合式厌氧折流板反应器的研究

研究以厌氧颗粒污泥接种的复合式厌氧折流板反应器(HABR)启动：在HABR中直接接种厌氧颗粒污泥,以退浆废水为试验进水,在系统水力停留时间为168 h,中温(32±1) ℃,进水pH值6.5～8,碱度适当偏高条件下,进入反应器废水COD浓度由1 800 mg/L逐渐提高到13 520 mg/L,运行60 d后系统COD去除率最低为45%,并且保持稳定,出水pH值和碱度相对比较稳定,污泥明显呈颗粒状,反应器启动完成。反应器可以在短时间内重新启动,污泥活性很快得到恢复。     

好氧颗粒污泥生物吸附酸性红B的试验研究

为了考察灭活好氧颗粒污泥(Aembic cranular Siudge,AGS)生物吸附偶氮染料酸性红B(Acid Red B,ARR)的能力,对初始pH值、吸附剂用量、ARB初始浓度以及NaCl浓度等条件对生物吸附的影响进行了批式试验.结果表明,初始pH值是影响ARB生物吸附的最苇要因素,最佳pH值为2.0.平衡吸附量随ARB初始浓度的增加而增加,随吸附荆浓度和NaCl浓度的增加而减少.通过傅立叶红外光谱分析得出AGS上的化学官能团(如胺基、羧基和羟基等)是吸附酸性红B的活性位置.研究表明,灭活ACS可以作为一种低成本的生物吸附剂来去除偶氮染料ARB及类似染料.     

新型颗粒层过滤性能的宏观数学模型

根据固定床颗粒层内气流含尘浓度的连续方程、颗粒层过滤规律和新型颗粒层的过滤特点,建立了固定床颗粒层过滤过程和新型颗粒层过滤性能的宏观数学模型;根据颗粒层的过滤机理和实际灰尘颗粒粒径的分布状态,在实验的基础上,修正了过滤速度对颗粒层过滤效率的影响;根据实验结果对过滤效率方程式、床层压降方程式中的特征参数进行了回归,得到了具体过滤介质的颗粒层宏观过滤数学模型。模型表明新型颗粒层过滤过程是一个不随过滤时间变化的准稳态过程,只与过滤介质特性和循环清灰周期有关,模型计算值能准确地反映颗粒层的过滤性能。     

序批式反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的污泥颗粒化及污染物去除性能研究

应用序批式反应器(SBR)处理垃圾渗滤液,以絮状活性污泥为接种污泥,经过37 d的运行,反应器内出现小粒径颗粒污泥。第50 d,反应器中污泥完全颗粒化。稳定运行期间,反应器内污泥的平均粒径为0.7 mm;SVI5min一直维持在较低的水平(27~47 mL/g);MLSS基本稳定在3 700~4 500 mg/L;当COD和氨氮的平均进水浓度为2 150 mg/L和312 mg/L时,平均出水浓度分别为540 mg/L和35 mg/L,去除率分别为75%和89%。     

Serum concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the inhabitants of a Sicilian city

Background

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides are common environmental contaminants that have been associated with human health problems.

Objectives

To assess serum concentrations of several organochlorine contaminants in general population living in a city with an ancient agricultural tradition and to identify possible exposure sources in Sicily.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 101 individuals. Each participant answered a face-to-face questionnaire submitted by well-trained personnel and provided a serum sample which was analyzed for the concentrations of PCBs, HCB, HCHs and DDTs by using gas-chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

Results

HCB, p,p′-DDE, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 were detected in more than 80% of the study participants. The ng g⁻¹ lipid median concentrations were: 18.6 for HCB; 175.1 for p,p′-DDE; 22. for PCB 138; 32.5 for PCB 153 and 23.0 for PCB 180. PCB 153 and PCB 138, PCB 138 and PCB 180, PCB 153 and PCB 180, and p,p′-DDE and HCB showed a high correlation each other (p < 0.05). HCB and p,p′-DDE concentrations were significantly higher in subjects >49 years old (adj-p = 0.03 in 50-69 years old and adj-p < 0.001 in >69 years old, respectively) whereas PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180 concentrations were higher in males (adj-p = 0.03), in subjects >69 years old (adj-p = 0.04) and in current smokers (adj-p = 0.04).

Conclusions

The present study shows that serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds detected in subjects living in a small Sicilian city with ancient agricultural tradition are similar to those found in subjects living in urban areas of other countries. However, further investigations are needed to compare data from rural/urban areas in the same country, assessing correlations between serum concentrations of several chemical compounds and potential health effects in general population.     

EGSB反应器处理城市生活垃圾沥滤液

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)反应器对城市生活垃圾焚烧厂产生的垃圾沥滤液进行处理。实验结果表明:中温条件下,当COD浓度为55 000 mg/L左右,有机容积负荷(OLR)为22.8 kg COD/(m3.d)时,EGSB对垃圾沥滤液具有较好的的处理效果,COD去除率可达94.2%。当进水COD为72 000 mg/L左右时,为保证反应器的稳定运行,OLR应降低至18.2 kg COD/(m3.d),此时COD去除率可以达到88%左右,出水COD平均为9 103 mg/L。垃圾沥滤液和EGSB处理出水均以小分子量有机物为主,其中<4 kDa的有机物分别占76.5%和74.4%。EGSB对整个分子量区间的溶解性有机物都有较好的处理效果,其中对大分子有机物的处理效率相对更高。     

ASBR厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动及脱氮原理分析

以城市生活污水为基本水质进行配水,采用ASBR研究了厌氧氨氧化反应器的快速启动过程及脱氮性能。实验条件如下:T为(35±1)℃、HRT为24 h、pH为7.2～7.5,进水NH4+-N、NO2--N浓度为40～160 mg/L,TN负荷为0.08～0.34 kg TN/(m3.d),按2∶1比例混合接种好氧短程硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化污泥,经49 d运行成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,并实现稳定运行。实验结果表明:稳定运行期NH4+-N、NO2--N去除率分别达96%和98%;NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量与NO3--N生成量比值为1∶1.05∶0.29,较为接近理论值;成功启动的反应器出水pH高于进水;系统TN去除率平均值为79.7%;反应器内存在反硝化与厌氧氨氧化的协同作用,实现了部分COD去除;污泥由深棕色絮状变成红褐色颗粒状,经SEM扫描电镜观察污泥菌群种类单一,多为球状菌,有漏斗状缺口,具有典型氨氧化菌形态特征。     

论“三级三循环”耕地保护利益补偿模式的构建

我国耕地保护应更多侧重对耕地保护实施主体的内在激励,因此建立耕地保护利益补偿机制是实现我国切实保护耕地的关键环节。结合近期有关耕地保护利益补偿模式的研究成果,本文从耕地保护的外部性没有得到相应的经济体现、耕地保护政策损益补偿机制不健全、现行耕地保护的委托—代理机制具有较高的效率损失风险、耕地保护的区域差异性在经济上未得到有效体现、耕地资源价值核算不完善和由于比较利益的存在使得农户保护耕地的积极性不高等六大方面系统分析了我国现行耕地保护制度缺陷,提出了建立"三级三循环"耕地保护利益补偿模式的新思路。在此基础上,对"三级三循环"耕地保护利益补偿资金的筹集和使用、补偿主体、补偿标准、补偿方式等进行了详细论述。最后,从建立"三级"耕地保护基金管理委员会、对城镇居民开征耕地保护税、建立受偿农户耕地保护补偿账户体系以及加强对各级耕地保护基金管理委员会的监督管理等方面提出了政策建议。本文的分析结果对于推进我国耕地保护经济补偿,实现切实保护耕地目的具有一定的理论参考价值。     

SBAR内不同有机负荷下2种好氧颗粒污泥形成及除磷性能

在SBAR中首先采用低有机负荷继而提高负荷的方法成功培养出2种不同类型的好氧颗粒污泥。在长期培养过程中,对SBAR系统中的微生物特征包括污泥浓度、SVI沉降指数等指标及系统对废水中COD和氮磷去除性能进行评估。在稳定阶段,通过在不同浓度Na Cl溶液中测试和对比SBAR内2种颗粒污泥的沉降性能。结果表明,系统经过89 d的低有机负荷(0.75 kg COD/(m3·d))运行,小颗粒污泥缓慢形成,表面光滑,外观规则为近似球形;大幅度提高有机负荷(1.6 kg COD/(m3·d))促使大颗粒污泥的快速形成,多数为椭球形,并且颗粒边缘清晰透明;经过93 d稳定运行,成熟的小颗粒和大颗粒的平均直径分别为0.35 mm和1.35 mm;随着大颗粒污泥的增多,系统除磷效果明显增强;在不同盐浓度(0%~15%)条件下大颗粒污泥比小颗粒污泥沉降速度更高;小颗粒污泥在大于2%的Na Cl溶液出现悬浮现象而大颗粒仅在15%的Na Cl溶液出现悬浮现象,进一步说明大颗粒污泥密度相对较大。     

Effect of manganese on the concentration of amino acids in different regions of the rat brain

Abstract

The present study was designed to determine if chronic exposure of weanlings and adult rats to Mn produces significant alterations in amino acid concentrations in different regions of the rat brain. Weanling (30 day old) and adult (90 day old) male rats were exposed to 10 and 20 mg Mn/kg body weight per day, by gavage, for 30 days. Forty‐ eight hours after the last dose, animals were sacrificed by decapitation and brains were dissected into different regions to determine the concentration of amino acids by HPLC/EC. A dose dependent decrease in body weight gain was found in the adult, but not in the weanling rats. Significant increases occurred in concentrations of aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, taurine and y‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the cerebellum of the adult rats dosed with 20 mg/kg per day, Mn. A significant decrease in the concentration of glutamine was observed in caudate nucleus and hippocampus of weanling rats dosed with 10 mg/kg, Mn. These data suggest that chronic Mn exposure can produce a decrease in body weight gain in adult rats and alterations in amino acids in different regions of weanling and adult rat brains.