Studies on the toxic effects of pentachlorophenol on the biological activity of anaerobic granular sludge

In order to explore the pathway of the anaerobic biotreatment of the wastewater containing pentachlorophenol (PCP) and ensure the normal operation of Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor, the anaerobic sludge under different acclimation conditions were selected to seed and start up UASB reactors. Anaerobic toxicity assays were employed to study the biological activity, the tolerance and the capacity to degrade PCP of different anaerobic granular sludge from UASB reactors. Results showed that the anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to chlorophenols (CPs) could degrade PCP more quickly (up to 9.50mg-PCPg(-1)TVSd(-1)). And the anaerobic granular sludge without acclimation to CPs had only a little activity of degrading PCP (less than 0.07mg-PCPg(-1)TVSd(-1)). Different PCP concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8mgL(-1)) had different inhibition effects on glucose utilization, volatile fatted acidity (VFA)-degrading and methanogens activity of PCP degradation anaerobic granular sludge, and the biological activity declined with the increase in PCP concentration. The methanogens activity suffered inhibition from PCP more easily. The different acclimation patterns of seeded sludge had distinctly different effects on biological activity of the degradation of PCP of anaerobic granular sludge from UASB reactors. The biological activity of the anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to PCP only was also inhibited. This inhibition was weak compared to that of anaerobic granular sludge acclimated to CPs, further, the activity could recover more quickly in this case. In the same reactor, the anaerobic granular sludge from the mid and base layers showed higher tolerance to PCP than that from super layer or if the sludge is unacclimated to CPs, and the corresponding recovery time of the biological activity in the mid and base layers were short. Acetate-utilizing methanogens and syntrophic propinate degraders were sensitive to PCP, compared to syntrophic butyrate degraders.     

间接免疫荧光抗体技术检测凡纳滨对虾红体病病原——副溶血弧菌

建立了凡纳滨对虾红体病病原--副溶血弧菌的间接免疫荧光抗体检测方法.确定免疫血清和荧光抗体的最适工作浓度分别为1∶ 1000和1∶ 200;交叉反应和阻断试验表明该方法具有较高的特异性.用该方法检测了10份人工感染后发病的凡纳滨对虾和10份感染后外观健康的凡纳滨对虾,阳性检出率分别为100%和60%,表明该技术不仅能够检测已发病的凡纳滨对虾,而且能够检测带菌的凡纳滨对虾,这对于水产养殖业中疾病的早期诊断有着重要意义,而且该方法具有快速、特异、简单的优点,适合于现场应用推广.     

Community analysis of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers in start-up of aerobic granular sludge reactor

A lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was setup and the aerobic granular sludge was successfully incubated by using anaerobic granular sludge as seed sludge. Nitrogen was partially removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) via nitrite with free ammonia (FA) of about 10 mg/L. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to investigate community structure of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and Nitrospira populations during start-up. The population sizes of bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira were examined using real-time PCR method. The analysis of community structure and Shannon index showed that stable structure of AOB population was obtained at the day 35, while the communities of α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, and Nitrospira became stable after day 45. At stable stage, the average cell densities were 1.1×1012, 2.2×1010 and 1.0×1010 cells/L for bacteria, AOB and Nitrospira, respectively. The relationship between characteristics of nitrifying bacteria community and nitrogenous substrate utilization constant was discussed by calculating Pearson correlation. Certain correlation seemed to exist between population size, biodiversity, and degradation constant. And the influence of population size might be greater than that of biodiversity.     

Comparison of membrane fouling during short-term filtration of aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge

Aerobic granular sludge was cultivated adopting internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor.The contradistinctive experiment about short-term membrane fouling between aerobic granular sludge system and activated sludge system were investigated.The membrane foulants was also characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy technique.The results showed that the aerobic granular sludge had excellent denitrification ability;the removal efficiency of TN could reach 90%.The aerobic granular sludge could alleviate membrane fouling effectively.The steady membrane flux of aerobic granular sludge was twice as much as that of activated sludge system.In addition,it was found that the aerobic granular sludge could result in severe membrane pore-blocking, however,the activated sludge could cause severe cake fouling.The major components of the foulants were identified as comprising of proteins and polysaccharide materials.     

Multi-biological defects caused by lead exposure exhibit transferable properties from exposed parents to their progeny in Caenorhabditis elegans

Whether the multi-biological toxicity from lead exposure could be transferred to progeny has not been clarified.In the present study,we explored the Caenorhabditis elegans to analyze the multiple toxicities from lead exposure and their possibly transferable properties.The lead exposure could cause series of severe multi-biological defects with a concentration-dependent manner by affecting the endpoints of life span,development,reproduction and locomotion behaviors in nematodes.Moreover,most of these toxicities could be transferred to progeny from lead exposed animals and some of the defects in progeny appeared even more severe than in their parents,such as the body sizes and mean life spans.We summarized the defects caused by lead exposure into three groups according to their transferable properties or rescue patterns.That is,the defects caused by lead exposure could be largely,or partially,or became even more severe in progeny animals.Therefore,our results suggest that lead exposure can cause severely multi-biological defects,and most of these multiple toxicities can be considered as transferable for exposed animals in C.elegans.     

组合工艺处理上虞市总干渠微污染原水的中试启动研究

根据上虞市总干渠微污染原水水质特点,采用混凝沉淀＋曝气生物沸石滤池（ZBAF）＋活性炭滤池（GAC）组合工艺进行中试研究,考察了运行初期ZBAF的挂膜启动情况和组合工艺整体对此类水体的处理效果。结果表明：ZBAF在水温25℃~29℃、气水比1∶2、滤速2.5m/h下运行20天即挂膜成功;挂膜成熟后,组合工艺在5m/h滤速下对浊度、氨氮、UV254、CODMn的去除率分别达99%、85%、70%和75%,出水水质良好,浊度、氨氮、CODMn分别稳定在0.5NTU、0.1mg/L、1.5 mg/L以下。     

SBR工艺运行条件对好氧污泥颗粒化和除磷效果的影响

采用模拟配制生活污水,研究循序间歇反应器(SBR)工艺在不同运行条件下对好氧污泥颗粒化和生物除磷效果的影响.试验分别对进水中不同COD/TN比(11.79,18.85,20.72,24.66)、COD/TP比(27.85,44.53,48.93、58.25)、TN/TP比(4.00,2.36,1.54)、温度(22℃,15℃,8℃)和污泥龄(16d,10d,5d)作比较,发现进水中较高的COD/TN比(24.66)、COD/TP比(58.25)、温度(22℃)和较低的污泥龄(10d)对生物除磷和颗粒的形成有利;适当的TN/TP比(2.36)、接种污泥的选择是好氧颗粒污泥形成的关键.     

河底沉积物培养耐酸产甲烷颗粒污泥的试验研究

利用河底沉积物作为接种污泥,在一个3.1L的EGSB反应器中进行培养耐酸产甲烷颗粒污泥的试验研究.结果表明,EGSB反应器在pH6.0,出水碱度低于400mg CaCO3/L,容积负荷5.3kg COD/(m³d)的条件下培养出具有良好沉降性能和产甲烷活性的耐酸颗粒污泥.形成耐酸颗粒污泥后,EGSB反应器在pH5.8～6.0,进水COD 3000mg/L,容积负荷5.2kg COD/(m³d)的条件下稳定运行29d, COD去除率平均为89.2%,出水总碱度仅为264.4mg CaCO₃/L,沼气中甲烷的含量约为56.9%.扫描电镜观察发现颗粒污泥内部存在成簇生长的索氏甲烷丝菌     

好氧颗粒污泥及其在污水处理领域的研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥的形成受物理、化学、生物等诸多因素的影响,例如进水有机负荷的高低、水力剪切力的大小、沉降时间的长短及“营养匮乏期”都会影响到好氧颗粒污泥的形成。好氧颗粒污泥好氧－缺氧－厌氧的特殊空间结构使其能在同一反应器中实现同步脱氮除磷,对高浓度有机废水、含氮磷污水、含重金属有毒废水及工业废水等具有较好的处理效果。序批式反应器（ SBR ）具有工艺简单、运行费用低,耐冲击负荷、适应性强等独特的优点,因此在好氧颗粒污泥的培养研究方面具有较理想的效果,是目前污水处理领域的研究热点。     

好氧颗粒污泥降解氯苯胺类污染物的试验研究

以氯苯胺类混合物为唯一碳源和氮源、活性污泥为接种污泥,在SBR反应器中成功培养出能高效降解氯苯胺类物质的好氧颗粒污泥。成熟的好氧颗粒污泥平均粒径为321μm,SVI值为46mL/g,MLVSS为2700mg/L。当进水中氯苯胺总浓度为400mg/L,成熟好氧颗粒污泥对间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺和邻氯苯胺的去除率分别趋于100%、100%和85%,TOC去除率达80%以上,出水中Cl-浓度达126.9mg/L,Cl脱除率为89%,表明该体系对氯苯胺类混合物具有较高降解性能和矿化率。不同阶段序批实验结果表明,污泥颗粒化后氯苯胺的降解速率、降解效率及矿化率均明显提高。不同混合体系的降解模式表明,好氧颗粒污泥体系对氯苯胺类物质降解先后顺序为间氯苯胺、对氯苯胺、邻氯苯胺。PCR-DGGE指纹图表明,对氯苯胺类物质具有高降解性能的好氧颗粒污泥体系具有丰富、稳定的微生物种群结构。