利用电液压脉冲技术控制水体藻类的研究

针对传统的物理、化学和生物除藻技术的缺陷,提出了利用电液压脉冲技术控制水体中藻类的新方法.基于电液压脉冲技术的工作原理,利用水泵抽取湖泊中的水体,在电液压脉冲产生的高压和高温作用下,对控制水体藻类的工艺流程进行了详细分析.理论分析和实验研究表明:电液压脉冲的除藻效果与其作用次数呈指数关系,放电产生的电磁场、等离子体、空化流和在放电区域内所发生的复合作用对液体具有强大的综合作用,它们瞬间同时对水体发生作用,因此可以杀菌和控制湖泊水体中的藻类,以达到保护环境的目的.同时,利用电液压脉冲技术控制水体中的藻类,根据水的污染程度,能耗仅为0.1～0.5 kWh/m3.     

Molecular characterization of bacterial community in aerobic granular sludge stressed by pentachlorophenol

To characterize the effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on the performance and microbial community of aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactor (SBR), the web-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and real-time PCR (RT- PCR) techniques were used to explore the bacterial community structure. When PCP increased from 0 to 50 mg/L, the COD removal rate changed little, while the ammonia removal rate dropped from 100% to 64.9%. The results of molecular characterization showed t...     

闽江流域福州过境段水体病毒污染调查分析

自1998年11月至2000年4月,监测了闽江福州段病毒污染与水质状况。肠道病毒阳性率71 1%,平均病毒浓度5 33pfu L,植物病毒检出率32 2%,阳性率水样平均浓度0 3006枯斑 升,其中三个污染控制断面肠道内病毒阳性检出率及病毒浓度显著高于对照和消减断面,揭示闽江福州段水环境病毒污染水平同福州市内河生活污水排放有直接关系,而引水内河冲污工程的实施显然又加剧了闽江水病毒污染的程度,增加了饮用水的卫生微生物学危险性。而水体环境中的植物病毒对农业生产存在着潜在的威胁。     

脱氮菌剂在低溶解氧黑臭水体中氮代谢特征

研究在低溶解氧浓度下氨化细菌、硝化细菌、反硝化细菌氮代谢能力,明确不同菌剂脱氮效率和氮转化关系,为大湾区黑臭水体治理提供理论依据.通过不同菌剂浓度和不同底物浓度,检测筛选出的氨化细菌(Staphylococcus sp. Ay)、硝化细菌(Microbacterium sp. Xw)和反硝化细菌(Arthrobacter sp. Fy)制成的菌剂在污水处理厂排放的水中的氮代谢特征;然后在低溶解氧条件下,研究不同Ay、Xw和Fy菌剂浓度在同浓度黑臭水体中氮代谢变化情况、以及相同菌剂浓度在不同浓度黑臭水体中的氮代谢特征.结果表明:Ay菌剂细菌浓度增加3倍,氨化效率没有成倍增加,说明增加氨化细菌浓度不是增加氨化速率的最佳方法; Xw菌剂对硝态氮浓度变化影响显著,低菌剂浓度条件下60 h硝态氮浓度增加180%,高菌剂浓度为231%,Fy反硝化效率较高,在较低浓度下能很快去除硝态氮.总氮浓度的适当提高可以增加Ay菌剂的氨化效率,过高会抑制Ay菌剂的氮氮代谢效率.Xw菌剂硝态氮的生成率在总氮浓度25 mg·L^-1条件下达到最好效果,浓度提高3 736%; Fy菌剂对氨氮去除效...     

高频曝停下停曝时间对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响

间歇曝气中停曝时间对于NOB的抑制是积累亚硝酸盐的关键,为探究曝气频次相同、停曝时间组合不同亚硝化颗粒污泥的稳定运行,在25～28℃,接种好氧颗粒污泥于SBR(R0)反应器中,通过间歇曝气与DO限制驯化为亚硝化颗粒污泥,采用3组规格相同的SBR反应器(R1、R2和R3)分析停曝时间组合(3 min∶3 min、4 min∶2 min和2 min∶4 min)对亚硝化颗粒污泥性能的影响.实验表明,R1、R2亚硝酸盐积累率较高,平均亚硝酸盐积累率分别为89%和95%,R3亚硝化性能较差,运行周期末期亚硝酸盐积累率仅为57%.结果表明,在停曝时间为2～4 min下,停曝时间越长,越有利于颗粒污泥结构的稳定,同时可保持良好的亚硝化性能;停曝时间小于2 min时,厌氧好氧交替的环境不能完全实现,致使其运行效果倾向于连续曝气,失去了间歇曝气的环境优势,NOB菌得不到抑制,颗粒污泥呈现解体的趋势,导致亚硝化性能恶化;此外,较长曝气时间会有助于不规则形状颗粒的发展,停曝时间越长,PN/PS值越高,有利于颗粒表面疏水性的增强,污泥沉降性能越好.     

基于连续监测的城市内河返黑返臭机制初探:以南宁市二坑溪为例

黑臭水体严重危害城市生态功能,"水十条"的颁布为实现城市黑臭水体的污染整治目标制定了时间表.城市黑臭水体治理过程中,大量治理后的水体出现返黑返臭现象.为研究这一现象的原因,采用多参数水质检测仪和化学分析方法,对治理后返黑返臭的南宁市二坑溪水体进行了24 h连续监测和月度动态监测.结果表明,降雨过程与水体氨氮浓度相关性显著(P<0.01),气温与水体氨氮浓度变化趋势正相关(r=0.23,P<0.05),与水体透明度变化趋势负相关(r=-0.33,P<0.01),显示治理后水体返黑返臭与内源污染物的微生物降解和外源污染物的输入有关.综上,为了防止治理后的城市黑臭水体返黑返臭,应当关注河道底泥等内源污染物及其控制技术,综合采取生态治理手段减少外源污染物输入,才能最终实现城市黑臭水体长效治理.     

不同培养条件厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥性质及微生物群落结构差异

采用膨胀颗粒污泥床(EGSB)和上升式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器在不同运行条件下培养厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,对比分析颗粒污泥性质和微生物群落的差异性.研究表明接种厌氧氨氧化絮状污泥经过EGSB和UASB反应器运行384 d后,均能实现颗粒化,颗粒污泥平均粒径分别达到1.17 mm和1.21 mm,各范围(<0.2、 0.2～1.5、 1.5～3和>3 mm)的粒径占比为6.06%、 60.05%、 25.25%和8.64%, 7.40%、 58.90%、 32.04%和1.66%.扫描电镜结果表明不同运行条件下的污泥菌群均以短杆菌、球型菌为主.高通量测序结果表明,Shannon指数EGSB反应器为7.52高于UASB反应器为7.18;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是两个反应器各阶段污泥的主要菌门,浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)从接种时的3.30%增到第384d的12.30%(EGSB)和13.30%(UASB).EGSB反应器中的主要厌氧氨氧化菌属为Candidatus Brocadia占7.53%,其次为Candidatus Kuenenia属占1.61...     

邻苯二甲酸酯在松花江吉林段水体中的分布规律

邻苯二甲酸酯是一类含有苯环的有机污染物,易在生物体内富集,所以开展水体中邻苯二甲酸酯的分布规律研究至关重要。对松花江吉林段2008年3月份不同监测断面的水体进行监测,通过GC-MS定性分析和GC定量分析,确定该江段水体邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物的分布规律、污染状况与污染水平。研究结果表明,松花江吉林段水体中主要的邻苯二甲酸酯类污染物是邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯,其分布的总体趋势是更易存在于水相中。     

Experimental investigation of biodynamic human body models subjected to whole-body vibration during a vehicle ride

In this study, responses of biodynamic human body models to whole-body vibration during a vehicle ride were investigated. Accelerations were acquired from three different body parts, such as the head, upper torso and lower torso, of 10 seated passengers during a car ride while two different road conditions were considered. The same multipurpose vehicle was used during all experiments. Additionally, by two widely used biodynamic models in the literature, a set of simulations were run to obtain theoretical accelerations of the models and were compared with those obtained experimentally. To sustain a quantified comparison between experimental and theoretical approaches, the root mean square acceleration and acceleration spectral density were calculated. Time and frequency responses of the models demonstrated that neither of the models showed the best prediction performance of the human body behaviour in all cases, indicating that further models are required for better prediction of the human body responses.     

Physiological and perceptual strain of firefighters during graded exercise to exhaustion at 40 and 10 °C

Purpose. To study whether perceptual identification should be included as a measure to evaluate physiological stress. Methods. Physiological variables oxygen uptake (V_O2), ventilation, heart rate, blood lactate concentration, rectal temperature (T_rec) and mean skin temperature, and perceptual variables rate of perceived exertion, thermal sensation and time to exhaustion, were measured at submaximal and maximal intensities during graded exercise on a treadmill to exhaustion in 12 firefighters wearing protective clothing and extra mass at 40 and 10 °C. Physiological strain index (PhSI) and perceptual strain index (PeSI) were calculated. Results. Apart from T_rec, all physiological and perceptual variables were higher at submaximal intensities of 40 °C. Time to exhaustion was 16% shorter and the corresponding V_O2 was reduced by 7% in the heat. A high correlation (r?=?89) between PhSI and PeSI was found at both temperatures. PeSI scores were equal to PhSI at both ambient temperatures, except at the two highest intensities in the heat, where PeSI was higher. Conclusions. These findings support use of perceptual identification to evaluate physiological stress. However, at very high intensities under hot conditions the perceptual strain was estimated higher than the physiological strain. More precise indexes are needed to include perceptual measures in safety standard.