Development of a terrestrial vertebrate model for assessing bioavailability of cadmium in the fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) and in ovo effects on hatchling size and thyroid function

In the terrestrial environment, standardized protocols are available for measuring the exposure and effects of contaminants to invertebrates, but none currently exist for vertebrates. In an effort to address this, we proposed that developing lizard embryos may be used as a terrestrial vertebrate model. Lizard eggs may be particularly susceptible to soil contamination and in ovo exposure may affect hatchling size, mortality, as well as thyroid function. Toxicant-induced perturbations of thyroid function resulting from in ovo chemical exposure may result in toxicity during the critical perinatal period in reptiles. Fertilized Eastern fence lizard (Sceloporus undulatus) eggs were placed in cadmium (Cd)-spiked expanded perlite (0, 1.48, 14.8, 148, 1480, 14 800 μg Cd/g, nominal concentrations), artificially incubated at 28 °C, and examined daily for mortality. Whole lizard hatchlings as well as failed hatches were homogenized in ethanol and the homogenate was divided for Cd body residue analysis and thyroid hormone (triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄)) analyses. Acute mortality was observed in the two highest doses (1480 and 14 800 μg Cd/g). Cadmium body residues showed a higher internal concentration with increasing exposure concentration indicating uptake of Cd. There was a decrease in T₃:T₄ ratio at the highest surviving dose (148 μg Cd/g), however, there were no differences observed in hatchling size measured as weight and snout-vent length, or in whole body thyroid hormone levels. In summary, this study has shown Cd amended to a solid phase representing soil (perlite) can traverse the thin, parchment-like shell membrane of the fence lizard egg and bioaccumulate in lizard embryos. We believe this study is a good first step in investigating and evaluating this species for use as a model.     

新型高效生物反应器类型和应用

近年来高效生物反应器得到不断发展,出现了多种新型生物反应器.从厌氧升流式生物反应器发展的经验和反应器的特点出发,提出了升流式反应器的结构、三相分离器的形式和污泥颗粒化现象等3个新概念是高效新型反应器的基础,进而在广义升流式污泥床反应器概念的基础上,提出具有传质效率高、处理能力强、有机负荷高以及抗冲击负荷能力强等优点的第三代高效生物反应器概念.     

微好氧颗粒污泥工艺降解五氯酚的实验研究

微好氧颗粒污泥工艺能够同时进行好氧氧化和厌氧还原过程,是处理五氯酚(PCP)的理想方法.对影响好氧颗粒污泥降解PCP的因素水力学上升流速、碱加入量以及水力停留时间进行考察.结果表明,水力学上升流速为4.58 m/h,进水NaHCO3浓度为900mg/L,水力停留时间为24 h时,处理效果比较好.     

同步硝化反硝化好氧颗粒污泥微生物相和氮去除能力的研究

对颗粒污泥中的微生物菌群进行了分离和鉴定，并确定纯种微生物的脱氮能力。颗粒污泥中含假单胞菌属5株。亚硝化单胞菌属7株，硝化杆菌属4株，气单胞菌属3株，黄单胞菌属2株，孢杆菌属4株，黄色杆菌属2株和产碱菌属2株。这些菌属中包含了参与硝化反应的亚硝化单胞菌属和硝化杆菌属微生物，以及有好氧反硝化能力的Pseudomonas和Alcaligenes菌。29株微生物摇瓶混合培养的脱氮试验结果表明，30h内有机物去除率为75％，氮去除率近50％。     

Preconception and preimplantation diagnosis for cystic fibrosis

Preimplantation diagnosis provides couples at high genetic risk the possibility of avoiding genetic disease without the need for prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion of the affected pregnancy. Following extensive background work on the reliability of genetic diagnosis in a single cell, we offered on a research basis preimplantation diagnosis to five couples at risk for offspring with the delta-F508 mutation (the major mutation causing cystic fibrosis). There was no detrimental effect from polar body removal on either fertilization or preimplantation development. Genetic analysis, undertaken in 22 polar bodies and 15 corresponding blastomeres, identified 21 embryos of which ten were transferred.     

某机场高填方体地基混合土压缩变形参数量化剖析

从场区所发育混合土的特征入手,首先进行混合土的现场天然密度测定,然后系统地阐述天然混合土压缩变形试验全过程的关键技术,即荷载等级设置、正应力荷载等级稳定时间与稳定量级、天然状态压缩变形试验s- t、p-s曲线特征、利用时间平方根法求算固结系数G_v等,形成了一套较为完整的混合土压缩变形参数量化技术, 为类似的压缩变形试验提供了完整的参数量化操作方法,具有一定的参考价值。     

运行调控方式对好氧颗粒污泥特性的影响

采用厌好氧交替的SBR反应器培养好氧颗粒污泥,研究不同运行调控方式形成的好氧颗粒污泥性质的差异。结果表明,通过进料负荷和沉降时间的调控,都可以实现好氧污泥完全颗粒化。通过进料负荷调控培养出的好氧颗粒,污泥浓度大,颗粒周围原后生动物丰富,颗粒存在核心,从中心到表面有明显分层;使用短沉降时间调控培养出的好氧颗粒污泥,颗粒粒径均匀,表面有丝状微生物伸出,污泥浓度较小,颗粒周围少见原后生动物,颗粒从中心到表面无明显分层。两种颗粒的微生物分布具有相似性,即颗粒表面多为杆菌,中心以球菌为主。两种颗粒形成过程中,污泥浓度变化很大,但污泥均保持较高的沉降性,污泥良好的沉降性是形成好氧颗粒污泥的必要前提。     

Ni2+对降解2-氯酚厌氧系统古细菌种群结构的影响

提取降解2-氯酚(2-chlorophenol,2-CP)的厌氧颗粒污泥在Ni2 冲击前后样品的总DNA,用古细菌特异性引物ARC21F/ARC958R进行16S rDNA的聚合酶链式反应(Polymerase Chin Reaction,PCR)、克隆、测序及序列分析等,研究了Ni2 冲击及恢复性驯化对2-CP驯化后厌氧颗粒污泥中古细菌种群多样性的影响.结果表明:Ni2 冲击对古细菌种群结构影响较大,冲击前后厌氧颗粒污泥中存在共有的古细菌菌种(Methanothrix soehngenii,Methanosaeta concilii及Uncultured archaeon等).冲击后厌氧污泥中新出现的古细菌有Toluene-degrading Methanogenic consortium archaeon M1及Candidatus Methanoregula boonei strain 6A8等.经过10 d的恢复性驯化后,厌氧污泥中又出现了新的古细菌Methanobacterium subterraneum及Methanobacterium palustre 等.2-CP厌氧降解系统经过Ni2 冲击后,古细菌种群多样性显著增加,系统能较快恢复对2-CP的降解能力.     

Cultivation and characters of aerobic granules for pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation under microaerobic condition

Cultivation of aerobic granular sludge for pentachlorophenol (PCP) degradation under microaerobic condition (DO concentration was controlled at 0.2-0.7 mg/L) was studied in this paper. Anaerobic granules were selected as inoculum. The changes of appearance were observed and the variations of SVI, VSS/TSS, PN/PS and the size of sludge were measured during cultivating. The capabilities for degradation of PCP, AOX and CODcr were also studied. Observations on mature granules were carried out by scanning electron microscope, and the results indicated bacillus was dominant on the surface of granules while in the inner of granules both bacillus and coccus were the dominant microorganisms. K, Na, Fe, Ca, Mg, Ni, Co, Mn, Cu and Zn were detected in the granules by element analysis.     

用麸皮纤维做载体培养颗粒污泥的可行性研究

介利用麸皮纤维的多孔性和表面积较大的性质,在内循环厌氧反应器中投加麸皮纤维作为培养颗粒污泥的载体,污泥培养时间比不投加的提前了20d,而且培养出来的颗粒污泥活性高,沉降性能良好,反应器处理COD最大负荷达到了99.77kg/m3·d,是不投加的2.29倍。因此用麸皮纤维做载体培养颗粒污泥是可行的,而且是一种良好的载体。