Streamflow Forecasting Using Singular Value Decomposition and Support Vector Machine for the Upper Rio Grande River Basin

The current study improves streamflow forecast lead‐time by coupling climate information in a data‐driven modeling framework. The spatial–temporal correlation between streamflow and oceanic–atmospheric variability represented by sea surface temperature (SST), 500‐mbar geopotential height (Z₅₀₀), 500‐mbar specific humidity (SH₅₀₀), and 500‐mbar east–west wind (U₅₀₀) of the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean is obtained through singular value decomposition (SVD). SVD significant regions are weighted using a nonparametric method and utilized as input in a support vector machine (SVM) framework. The Upper Rio Grande River Basin (URGRB) is selected to test the applicability of the proposed model for the period of 1965–2014. The April–August streamflow volume is forecasted using previous year climate variability, creating a lagged relationship of 1–13 months. SVD results showed the streamflow variability was better explained by SST and U₅₀₀ as compared to Z₅₀₀ and SH₅₀₀. The SVM model showed satisfactory forecasting ability with best results achieved using a one‐month lead to forecast the following four‐month period. Overall, the SVM results showed excellent predictive ability with average correlation coefficient of 0.89 and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.79. This study contributes toward identifying new SVD significant regions and improving streamflow forecast lead‐time of the URGRB.     

基于小波分解和SVM的大气污染物浓度预测模型研究

针对大气污染物浓度的精准预测问题,运用小波分解将污染物浓度一维序列分解为高维信息,结合气象及污染物浓度数据,构建了基于小波分解的支持向量机预测模型.最后将模型应用于长沙市2018年PM_2.5和O_{3-8 h}的浓度预测.结果表明：①在其他参数不变的条件下,该模型在平均绝对误差（MAE）、平均绝对百分比误差（MAPE）、均方根误差（RMSE）、一致性水平（IA）和相关系数（R）指标上均优于未经小波分解的预测模型;②在考虑其他污染物对PM_2.5浓度的影响后,预测模型评价指标MAE、MAPE和RMSE分别减少了5.57%、9.91%和3.44%,有着更小的误差;③在考虑气象因素对O_{3-8 h}浓度的影响后,预测模型评价指标MAE、MAPE和RMSE分别减少了1.59%、3.54%和0.82%,同样也有更小的误差.由此可以看出,本文所提模型能够有效预测大气污染物浓度,为相关研究提供了方法参考.     

造纸废水处理过程的高斯过程回归软测量建模

针对造纸废水处理系统的时变性、非线性和复杂性等特点,本文提出一种基于高斯过程回归的软测量模型.基于平方指数协方差、线性协方差和周期性协方差函数组合构建了7种高斯过程回归模型,分别对出水化学需氧量和出水悬浮固形物浓度进行回归预测.此外,还对比了多元线性回归模型、主成分回归模型、偏最小二乘模型、人工神经网络模型和高斯回归模型的预测效果.对比计算结果表明无论是对输出变量的训练拟合还是预测,高斯过程回归模型的拟合效果均优于非高斯过程回归模型.高斯过程回归模型的预测结果表明：对于出水化学需氧量,线性协方差函数与周期性协方差函数的组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果;对于出水悬浮固形物,平方指数协方差函数与线性协方差函数组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果.     

基于机器学习方法的安全帽佩戴行为检测

施工现场作业人员是否佩戴安全帽主要依靠人工检查,存在监管效率低、时效性差等问题,为了实时自动监管作业人员是否佩戴安全帽,提出1种基于机器学习的安全帽佩戴行为检测方法。首先利用深度学习YOLOv3算法检测出现场视频中的施工人员脸部位置,根据安全帽与人脸的关系估算出安全帽潜在区域;然后对安全帽潜在区域图像进行增强处理,使用HOG（方向梯度直方图）提取样本的特征向量;再利用SVM（机器学习的支持向量机）分类器对脸部上方是否有安全帽进行判断,进而实现对施工人员安全帽佩戴行为的实时检测与预警。以某高铁站施工现场为例进行验证,研究数据表明在施工通道和塔吊作业区域,该方法可实时有效检测出工人未佩戴安全帽的行为,识别率达90%。     

基于支持向量机的管制疲劳检测模型研究

管制疲劳是影响民航安全的重大隐患,准确检测疲劳状态是进行疲劳预警、降低疲劳风险的关键。提出应用支持向量机模型融合多生理参数和眼动指标进行管制疲劳检测,通过MP150多导生理记录仪与眼动仪,采集模拟管制试验中正常与剥夺睡眠状态下被试的试验数据,同时记录其Karolinska疲劳等级和操作绩效。结果表明,RR间期、LF/HF、快慢波比值、PERCLOS和扫视速度均与管制疲劳呈较强相关,利用支持向量机融合五项指标构建管制疲劳检测模型,对于五级疲劳度的识别准确率为78. 1%,判断正常组与剥夺睡眠组的准确率为94. 2%。     

基于智能手机采集数据的施工活动识别

施工人员的活动监控对施工安全管理及预防职业疾病至关重要。为提升施工安全的智能化管理水平,对楼板钢筋工程施工中的8个主要活动进行识别。为弥补单一传感技术采集维度不足的缺陷和集成传感技术对系统灵活性的限制,采用智能手机内置加速度传感器和陀螺仪采集试验人员模拟施工人员活动时的加速度和倾角数据,并提取平均值、标准差、协方差、四分位距(IQR)为活动的特征矢量。通过决策树中的CART算法建立分类训练模型,采用“交叉验证法”对模型进行评估和验证。测试结果表明:对于样本个体的平均分类准确率为95.28%,预测准确率为92.86%;样本总体的分类准确率为89.67%,预测准确率为94.82%。研究表明,基于智能手机采集数据的决策树模型可以用于施工人员的活动识别。     

SVM application in hazard assessment: Self-heating for sulfurized rust

In order to assess the oxidation self-heating hazard of sulfurized rust, for particular ambient conditions in crude oil tanks, the support vector machine (SVM) technique is applied to predict the maximum temperature (T_max) of oxidation self-heating process. Five governing parameters are selected, i.e. the water content, mass of sulfurized rust, operating temperature, air flow rate and oxygen concentration in the respiratory/safety valve. The efficiency and validity of the SVM predictions are investigated in the case of two sets of data: more than 85 experiments performed in academic lab (China) and almost 17 additional results collected from existing literature. Two main steps are also discussed: the training process (on selected subsets of data) and prediction process (for the remaining subsets of data). It can be concluded that for both datasets the maximum temperature (T_max) values calculated by SVM technique were in good accordance with the experimental results, with relative errors smaller than 15% except for a few cases.The SVM technique seems therefore to be relevant and very helpful for complex implicit processes such as chemical reactions, as it is the case of the oxidation of sulfurized rust in oil tanks. Furthermore, such predictive methods can be continuously be improved through additional experiments feedback (larger databases) and can then be of crucial help for monitoring and early warning of hazardous reactions.     

基于模糊FMEA法的乏燃料剪切机剪切装置风险评估

为了有效控制乏燃料后处理立式送料剪切机剪切装置在运行过程中的风险,采用基于模糊理论的故障模式及影响分析(FMEA)对剪切装置的故障模式进行风险评价。首先将风险优先指数(RPN)的3个评价指标视为模糊变量并模糊化,接着采用专家打分的方式对各故障模式进行模糊评价,采用重心法解模糊化,计算得出各故障模式的模糊风险优先指数(FRPN),从而确定机械设备中各故障模式的风险控制顺序。利用模糊FMEA法对乏燃料立式送料剪切机剪切装置的故障模式进行了风险评估,结果表明,吊篮焊接件裂纹、主刀体破损、刀具退刀固定档板变形为风险较大的故障模式,分析结果与工程实际较吻合。     

厂矿企业大宗原、燃料卸车机械安全改造技术

厂矿企业卸车机械长期运行,存在设备老化、检修频繁的现象.通过对卸车机械存在安全隐患的分析,论述了机械系统的行走机构、挖掘机构、钢结构框架、皮带输送机构、操作室和电气系统的供电电源、大车行走电机回路、卷扬电机等部件的安全改造技术.     

深入推行点检定修制强化起重设备安全管理

介绍了起重设备点检定修制的含义和内容 ,与计划检修相比较 ,指出了点检定修制的优点 ,为强化起重设备安全管理 ,推荐了一种行之有效的方法。