Incorporating detectability of threatened species into environmental impact assessment

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a key mechanism for protecting threatened plant and animal species. Many species are not perfectly detectable and, even when present, may remain undetected during EIA surveys, increasing the risk of site‐level loss or extinction of species. Numerous methods now exist for estimating detectability of plants and animals. Despite this, regulations concerning survey protocol and effort during EIAs fail to adequately address issues of detectability. Probability of detection is intrinsically linked to survey effort; thus, minimum survey effort requirements are a useful way to address the risks of false absences. We utilized 2 methods for determining appropriate survey effort requirements during EIA surveys. One method determined the survey effort required to achieve a probability of detection of 0.95 when the species is present. The second method estimated the survey effort required to either detect the species or reduce the probability of presence to 0.05. We applied these methods to Pimelea spinscens subsp. spinescens, a critically endangered grassland plant species in Melbourne, Australia. We detected P. spinescens in only half of the surveys undertaken at sites where it was known to exist. Estimates of the survey effort required to detect the species or demonstrate its absence with any confidence were much higher than the effort traditionally invested in EIA surveys for this species. We argue that minimum survey requirements be established for all species listed under threatened species legislation and hope that our findings will provide an impetus for collecting, compiling, and synthesizing quantitative detectability estimates for a broad range of plant and animal species. Incorporación de la Capacidad de Detectar una Especie Amenazada a la Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental     

垃圾填埋场的灾害隐患及其对策

卫生填埋法作为一种垃圾处置方式已被国内外广泛使用.本文分析了垃圾填埋场的潜在危害与安全隐患,并结合我国国情提出了相应的对策与建议.     

GOALS AND DATA COLLECTION DESIGNS FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: Water quality monitoring cannot address every information need through one data collection procedure. This paper discusses the goals and related procedures for designing water quality monitoring programs. The discussion focuses on the broad information needs of those agencies operating water quality networks. These information needs include the ability to assess trends and environmental impacts, determine compliance with objectives or standards, estimate mass transport, and perform general surveillance. Each of these information needs has different data requirements. This paper outlines these goals and discusses factors to consider in developing a monitoring plan on a site by site basis.     

矿井热害产生的原因、危害及防治措施

随着矿井开采深度的增加 ,矿井中高温高湿热害问题会越来越严重。笔者分析了矿井中高温高湿热害产生的具体原因、对人体的严重危害 ,并探讨了对其防治的相应措施 ,建立井下适宜的作业环境 ,保护矿工的身体健康 ,保证矿山生产安全、稳定、高效地向前发展。笔者旨在提醒人们对矿井中高温高湿热害这个问题引起重视 ,尽量减少其对人体的危害 ,采取一切有效办法 ,尽快解决矿井中高温高湿热害问题     

石林锁龙公路地质灾害评估

公路是一个线状区域，文章分析了石林～锁龙公路沿线的地质灾害和不良地质作用，并提出相应的防治和治理措施，且进行了危险性综合分区，完整叙述了线状区域地质灾害评估的步骤。     

何家寨隧道地质灾害整治实践与探讨

贵州水柏铁路何家寨隧道,工程地质条件极其复杂,集“高瓦斯、强岩溶、大涌水”为一体,施工期间曾发生多次涌水涌砂、洞内坍方、地表塌陷与滑坡、支护衬砌开裂变形等地质灾害,堪称水柏铁路施工难度最大的“烂洞子”。文章结合该隧道地质灾害的整治实践,就有关设计与施工技术问题进行探讨。     

钻井过程人员异常行为视频智能识别系统

针对钻井现场视频监控人工值守工作量大、异常行为识别不及时、海量视频数据缺乏实时报警等问题,结合钻井作业操作规程建立井控坐岗监测、起下钻、甩钻具等钻井作业场景典型异常行为判别规则,在基于卷积神经网络的目标检测方法基础上,引入SIFT方法和基于强化学习的困难样本筛选策略,提高了算法识别的准确率与鲁棒性。测试结果表明,在像素分辨率1 920×1 080的情况下,该方法整体识别准确率达到85%以上,平均识别速度为135 ms/帧。在此基础上,开发了钻井过程人员异常行为智能识别系统,试点应用结果表明,该系统能够对接入的视频流进行实时检测,及时、准确识别出坐岗人员擅自离岗、起下钻及甩钻具过程人员危险站位等异常行为,有效提升钻井现场安全管理水平。     

ICP-MS法测定饮用水中金属元素

利用ICP-MS法对饮用水中的多种元素进行全定量分析,结果表明,ICP-MS法可同时测定饮用水中的多种元素;快速,一个样品仅需3～5 分钟;灵敏度和准确度高;精密度好,相对标准偏差一般小于3%;检出限低,达到ng/L-ug/L级;线性范围宽,达到8～9 个数量级.     

Cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis and its relative effectiveness in the mersey region and North Wales

The relative effectiveness of cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis in the Mersey Region and North Wales is presented by estimating the percentage detection rates of Down's syndrome annually following amniocentesis from 1978–1984 inclusive. Tables indicating the percentage of screened pregnancies, types of chromosomal aberrations detected and the occurrence of Down's syndrome in mothers in age groups of five-year intervals are also presented. The average prenatal detection rate for Down's syndrome (estimated at the time of birth) was 15–15 per cent over the years 1978–1984 and was above 22 per cent for the last two years when 44–13 per cent of all pregnancies to mothers of 35 years and over were investigated.