无人机在山区河流溢油事故溢油寻踪中的应用

针对山区跨越河流输油管道发生原油溢油事故后的不易发现性以及河流溢油事故可能产生的恶劣影响,提出1种通过无人机上装载的高清晰摄像头拍摄识别溢油区域的无人机溢油油头“影迹”寻踪法。该方法对无人机巡线路径进行算法编程,控制无人机的沿河寻油路径,通过无人机识别的溢油区域图片分析溢油油头位置,对溢油量进行大致计算并且能对溢油情况进行初步判断,从而为即将到来的溢油回收环节提供理论数据支撑;能够提高收油效率,大幅度减少山区跨越河流输油管道发生溢油事故后造成污染以及潜在危害的可能性,为油气管道的安全运行提供了一定的保障。     

Characteristics and clinical outcomes of head-injured cyclists with and without helmets in urban and rural areas of Taiwan: A 15-year study

Objective: Bicycle riding is increasingly popular in Taiwan, but the number of cyclists injured and cyclists' death rates are both increasing. The aim of this study was to investigate the different characteristics and clinical outcomes of traffic accident–related head injuries among cyclists in urban and rural areas.

Methods: Records of 812 patients (533 urban and 279 rural) admitted to 27 hospitals in Taipei City and Hualien County as the result of a traumatic head injury while bicycling between 1998 and 2013 were retrieved for study. Demographics, details about the accident, protective helmet use, and clinical outcomes were then subjected to analysis.

Results: Urban victims were more likely to be injured during morning and early evening rush hours and rural victims during the day; most urban victims were between 19 and 34 years of age and injured in the slow lane; rural victims tended to be younger or older and were injured in the fast lane (all P ≤.001). Riders who wore a helmet were less likely to suffer loss of consciousness (odds ratio [OR] = 0.31), amnesia (OR = 0.069), neurological disorders (OR = 0.205), or facial fractures (OR = 0.369). Older age, more severe head injuries, and bicycle–motor vehicle collisions influenced the severity of symptoms on admission and the residual effects at discharge.

Conclusions: Differences in the characteristics of injuries in urban and rural areas and the utilization of protective helmets may help government authorities adopt appropriate policies to promote safer and more enjoyable cycling.     

IIHS head restraint ratings and insurance injury claim rates

Objectives: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) rates front seat/head restraint designs using a combination of static and dynamic measurements following RCAR-IIWPG procedures. The purpose of this study was to determine whether vehicles with better IIHS-rated seats/head restraints had lower injury risk in rear-end collisions and how the effect of better rated seats interacted with driver gender and age.

Methods: The presence of an associated insurance injury claim was determined for rear-impact crashes using 2001–2014 model year cars and SUVs. Logistic regression was used to compare injury risk for vehicles with good, acceptable, and marginal IIHS-rated seats/head restraints with poor-rated seats/head restraints. Analyses were run by gender and driver age and also by the rate of more severe injury claims.

Results: Injury rates were 11.2% lower for vehicles with seats/head restraints rated good compared to vehicles with seats/head restraints rated poor. The percentage reduction for good- versus poor-rated seats was greater for females (12.7%) than males (8.9%). Comparing good- with poor-rated seats, driver ages 15–24 had the largest reduction at 19.8%, followed by 10.7% for driver ages 45–64 and 10.4% for driver ages 25–44.

Conclusions: Seats/head restraints with better IIHS ratings are associated with lower injury rates in rear-impact collisions than seats rated poor. The reductions in injury rates were strongest for females and for young-to–middle-age drivers. The strong reductions in injury rates for these groups are encouraging given their high initial injury rates.     

Comparison of multibody and finite element human body models in pedestrian accidents with the focus on head kinematics

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare and evaluate the difference in head kinematics between the TNO and THUMS models in pedestrian accident situations.

Methods: The TNO pedestrian model (version 7.4.2) and the THUMS pedestrian model (version 1.4) were compared in one experiment setup and 14 different accident scenarios where the vehicle velocity, leg posture, pedestrian velocity, and pedestrian's initial orientation were altered. In all simulations, the pedestrian model was impacted by a sedan. The head trajectory, head rotation, and head impact velocity were compared, as was the trend when various different parameters were altered.

Results: The multibody model had a larger head wrap-around distance for all accident scenarios. The maximum differences of the head's center of gravity between the models in the global x-, y-, and z-directions at impact were 13.9, 5.8, and 5.6 cm, respectively. The maximum difference between the models in head rotation around the head's inferior–superior axis at head impact was 36°. The head impact velocity differed up to 2.4 m/s between the models. The 2 models showed similar trends for the head trajectory when the various parameters were altered.

Conclusions: There are differences in kinematics between the THUMS and TNO pedestrian models. However, these model differences are of the same magnitude as those induced by other uncertainties in the accident reconstructions, such as initial leg posture and pedestrian velocity.     

论新形势下护士长的管理工作

护士长担负着病房业务管理,组织管理,护理教学和经济管理等多项任务.在新形势下做好护士长的管理工作,对深化医疗卫生事业的改革有重要意义.本文从新形势护理工作特点,怎样提高护理质量、护士的管理及如何提高管理效果进行论述.     

Assessment of Ground Water Vulnerability and its Application to the Development of Protection Strategy for the Water Supply Aquifer in Owerri, Southeastern Nigeria

Pollution vulnerability of theOwerri regional water supply aquifer wasevaluated as a basis for developing appropriateprotection strategy for the groundwaterresource. The assessment was accomplished usingLegrand, GOD, Siga and DRASTIC models.Techniques of the models generally involvedparameters rating and point count systems, whichare based on the evaluation of various parameterin relation to their capacity for enhancing orattenuating contaminants in the groundwatersystem. Field and laboratory evaluations of theparameters indicate that the Owerri areagenerally occupies a nearly, flat topographywith a relatively high groundwater recharge. Thearea is underlain by predominantly sandyfacies in the Northern area which grades intogravelly sequences towards the southwest. TheSoutheastern area is distinguished by thickclayey facies that thin westwards towards theOwerri metropolis. Effective hydraulicconductivity (Kz) in the downward directionranges from 1.44 × 10^-3 to 5.6 × 10^-9 m s^-1; with the upper limits reflecting coarsesands and gravelly units. The amount of clay andclay-size particles in the sandy and gravellyunits is negligible, suggesting that thesorptive capacity of the units is low. Depth towater table decreases southwards while hydraulichead gradients vary between 0.09 and 0.22.Groundwater occurs in unconfined conditions inmost places except in the southeastern zonewhere it is semi-confined due to the presence ofa clayey unit. The groundwater vulnerabilitymap developed on the basis of the models andseveral other thematic maps shows that theOwerri metropolis and the southwest area ofOwerri have high vulnerability, indicatinggroundwater pollution. The existing wastedisposal sites in these sub-areas should beabandoned and rehabilitated to forstall furtherpollution of the groundwater system. Areas tothe North and Southeast of Owerri have moderateand low vulnerabilities, respectively,indicating the relatively lower sensitivity ofthe groundwater system in the sub-areas tocontamination. The lower sensitivity couldfurther be matched with properly engineeredsanitary landfills in the event of choice ofsites, as an additional protective strategy forthe groundwater system.     

双喷嘴三维洗罐器工作特性的研究

双喷嘴三维洗罐器是清洗容器内表面的清洗设备,其清洗参数的确定直接影响容器内表面的清洗质量及清洗效率。因此,对其工作特性的研究,可以确定其合理的使用参数,高效发挥其清洗能力。从研究其运动特性、动力特性入手, 分析了双喷嘴三维洗罐器喷注的运动规律及其覆盖容器内表面的清洗规律, 导出了合理确定双喷嘴三维洗罐器清洗时间或清洗速率的计算方法。实际上,在铁路罐车的高压水射流清洗系统中,用该法确定了清洗时间参数, 实践证明,这一选择取得了较好的效果     

松花江有机物污染对水源地水质的影响研究

文章研究对松花江四方台水源地进行连续监测,水样经XAD-2、XAD-4树脂富集、二氯甲烷洗脱、浓缩,用GC/MS和GC定性、定量研究其有机污染物的种类、含量、污染程度及其规律.研究表明四方台水源地水质有机污染严重,已达不到做为城市集中水源地的高功能水体要求,冬季尤为严重.     

港口机械用大直径滑轮坯的轧制

介绍了大直径滑轮坯的轧制工艺 ,分析了轧制过程中存在的问题 ,并提出了解决方法。     

航空用碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料低温环境下弯曲性能变化研究

目的研究航空用碳纤维增强中温固化环氧脂基复合材料单向层压板在低温环境下不同试验方式弯曲性能的变化规律。方法通过改变压头半径、跨厚比、以及压头与试样之间有无塑料薄膜衬垫等试验方式,研究-50℃低温环境下不同试验方法弯曲性能的变化规律。结果低温环境下,不同的试验方式对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料弯曲性能测试数据的影响有所不同。当使用塑料薄膜衬垫时,会显著降低试样上表面压头部位的应力集中,在低温环境下试样弯曲性能变化最低;当压头半径减小时,低温环境对试样弯曲性能影响最显著。结论如需测量温度对试样弯曲性能的影响,建议选择压头半径较小,无塑料薄膜衬垫,跨厚比L/h为32:1的试验方案。