天津市采暖季不同气团来向PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解天津市采暖季PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征及健康风险,使用Xact-625重金属在线分析仪于2020年11月至2021年3月对PM_2.5中的重金属元素进行连续采样,分析10种重金属元素(Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 As、 Zn、 Mn、 Co、 Ni、 Cu和V)的污染特征,利用HYSPLIT模型分析重金属元素的时空分布特征,并结合美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属健康风险展开研究.结果表明,采样期间天津市10种重金属元素的总浓度平均值为(261.56±241.74)ng·m^-3,Cr[折算Cr(Ⅵ)]和As元素高于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)的年平均限值.后向轨迹分析表明,天津市主要受到来自西北部中距离气团(1号)、西北部长距离气团(2号)、西南部气团(3号)和东北部气团(4号)的影响.不同气团来向重金属元素呈现不同的污染特征和健康风险,3号气团PM_2.5浓度、10种重金属元素总浓度和5种重金属元素经呼吸途径暴露的终身致癌风险值之和均最高,2号气团10种重金属元素经呼吸途径暴露...     

Motivations for Conserving Urban Biodiversity

Abstract: In a time of increasing urbanization, the fundamental value of conserving urban biodiversity remains controversial. How much of a fixed budget should be spent on conservation in urban versus nonurban landscapes? The answer should depend on the goals that drive our conservation actions, yet proponents of urban conservation often fail to specify the motivation for protecting urban biodiversity. This is an important shortcoming on several fronts, including a missed opportunity to make a stronger appeal to those who believe conservation biology should focus exclusively on more natural, wilder landscapes. We argue that urban areas do offer an important venue for conservation biology, but that we must become better at choosing and articulating our goals. We explored seven possible motivations for urban biodiversity conservation: preserving local biodiversity, creating stepping stones to nonurban habitat, understanding and facilitating responses to environmental change, conducting environmental education, providing ecosystem services, fulfilling ethical responsibilities, and improving human well‐being. To attain all these goals, challenges must be faced that are common to the urban environment, such as localized pollution, disruption of ecosystem structure, and limited availability of land. There are, however, also challenges specific only to particular goals, meaning that different goals will require different approaches and actions. This highlights the importance of specifying the motivations behind urban biodiversity conservation. If the goals are unknown, progress cannot be assessed.     

A Call for Urgent Monitoring of Food and Water Security Based on Relevant Indicators for the Arctic

This perspective paper argues for an urgent need to monitor a set of 12 concrete, measurable indicators of food and water security in the Arctic over time. Such a quantitative indicator approach may be viewed as representing a reductionist rather than a holistic perspective, but is nevertheless necessary for actually knowing what reality aspects to monitor in order to accurately understand, quantify, and be able to project critical changes to food and water security of both indigenous and non-indigenous people in the Arctic. More relevant indicators may be developed in the future, taking us further toward reconciliation between reductionist and holistic approaches to change assessment and understanding. However, the potential of such further development to improved holistic change assessment is not an argument not to urgently start to monitor and quantify the changes in food and water security indicators that are immediately available and adequate for the Arctic context.     

职业安全卫生标准体系的研究

简要介绍了国内外职业安全卫生标准体系研究的概况,指出了建立我国职业安全卫生标准体系的重要性。运用系统分析的观点和方法,提出了我国职业安全卫生标准体系的编制原则和总体结构。     

考虑“双碳”目标与健康损失的区域现役火电机组有序退役研究

火电行业是我国经济社会发展的重要基础和保障，但也是碳排放的主要源头之一。在“双碳”目标约束下，新能源装机将持续增长，而火电机组则面临降碳和退役的压力。以安徽省为研究区域，考虑“双碳”目标与污染导致的健康损失等因素，对全省现役火电机组的计划退役与有序退役方案进行对比分析，为火电行业实现低碳发展提供路径参考。在有序退役方案下，结合初始投资、使用年限、年度发电收益与污染物排放计算出现役机组每年的净现值，并且根据未来安徽省碳排放削减目标，得到优化后的机组退役时间和顺序。结果表明：与常规的计划退役方案相比，有序退役方案使安徽省火电机组退役时间平均提前约5 a，在2060年碳中和之前可实现现役机组全部退役。2020—2060年，现役机组有序退役可累计减少碳排放量12.76亿t；累计减少SO₂、NO_x、PM_2.5排放量分别为1.44万t、2.13万t、0.17万t，比计划退役方案减少8.66亿元的健康损失。机组的有序退役不仅能带来巨大的环境效益与社会效益，也为“双碳”目标的实现提供了有力保障。     

构建农民工的社会保障体系

农民工对城市和农村的发展功不可没。但是，由于制度不健全，遭遇市场风险的农民工缺乏基本的社会保障，处境艰难。本文分析了农民工缺乏社会保障的历史和现实原因，提出了构建农民工社会保障体系的设想，即以健康保障、失业保障和养老保障为主体的过渡性农民工社会保障体系，来衔接城乡社会保障。以适应城乡一体化的需要。     

Impact of Growing Income Inequality on Sustainable Development in China： A Provincial-level Analysis

A growing body of literature has documented the rapidly increasing income disparities that accompanied China＇s economic growth in the 1980s and 1990s, and the driving factors behind this. Growing income inequality in its turn may have important implications for the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital and as a consequence for sustainable economic development. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential impact of income inequality on savings, human resources and the environment in China. It starts with an overview of the different causal mechanisms through which income inequality may affect the accumulation of physical capital, human capital, and natural capital, and discusses to what extent these causal relationships may be relevant in the case of China. Next, provincial data for the year 2002 are used to explore the relationship between income inequality and different elements of sustainable development in China. It is found that income inequality does not affect aggregate savings levels. Rising inequality, however, contributes to lower health and possibly also to higher fertility levels. It also lowers the use of chemical fertilizers in agriculture and therefore is likely to reduce water pollution. Other types of environmental degradation are not affected.     

基于支持向量机的湖泊生态系统健康评价研究

利用支持向量机在处理分类问题、小样本问题和泛化推广方面的优势,构建了基于支持向量机的湖泊生态系统健康评价模型.同时,对广州市最大的人工湖——白云湖的水质及生物群落情况进行了监测,最后运用该模型对白云湖生态系统健康状况进行了评价.评价结果表明,白云湖生态系统处于病态状态,不能达到其净化水质的设计作用.建议从提高进水水质、实施湖区截污和丰富生物量3方面改善白云湖生态系统健康水平.与传统熵权综合健康指数法和熵权模糊综合评价法相比,所建模型更加客观、科学地评价了湖泊生态系统健康状况,能够为湖泊生态系统健康管理提供一定依据,具有广阔的应用前景.     

象山港养殖区缢蛏和泥蚶的Cu、Cd、Pb含量及其健康风险评价

根据2010年全年4个季节象山港5个养殖区(大佳何、郭巨、咸祥、桐照、西店)两种贝类(缢蛏、泥蚶)体中的3种重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb)的检测结果,分析和比较了象山港内贝类体中的重金属含量,并应用两种评价模型进行了健康风险评价.结果为:所测得Cu、Pb、Cd在5个不同的养殖区的缢蛏和泥蚶体中的含量分别在2.89～4.99、0.24～0.39、0.12～0.22mg.kg-1和0.79～1.05、0.10～0.38、2.17～4.60mg.kg-1范围,其中大佳何的缢蛏体内的Cu、Pb含量要高于其他4个养殖区,郭巨的泥蚶体内的Cd含量高于其他4个区;其次,同一种重金属Cu、Pb、Cd在两种贝类中的含量分别为1.52～10.48和0.66～1.20mg.kg-1,0.08～0.68和0.02～1.01mg.kg-1,及0.04～0.50和0.74～4.43mg.kg-1范围,Cu在缢蛏体中的含量远远大于泥蚶,而Cd在泥蚶中的含量远远大于缢蛏;所得结论为:不同养殖区内,同一种重金属在同种贝类体内的含量存在明显的差异;同一种重金属在不同种类贝类中的含量也存在明显的差异;贝类的不同养殖规格及不同年龄间Cu、Pb、Cd的含量基本相同,无明显差异;采用USEPA和PMTDI两种健康风险评价模型得出相同的结果:除泥蚶体中Cd可能存在致癌健康风险外,其他对人体均不存在健康风险.     

关于环境保护法律法规修订的新观点

为了保护人类健康不受恶劣环境的侵害,就必须对依法保护环境进行相关研究。提出了环境与健康是人类健康生存头等大事的观点,总结中国主要环境保护法律法规的不足,提出新的修订措施。提出6条保护环境的新法规建议供环境保护法修订时参考应用,主要包括:1)环境与健康及保护法规的宣传教育立法;2)医疗卫生机构设立环境医学防治学科立法;3)国家普及设立环境污染监测和预报系统立法;4)人民政府环境保护行政主管部门应扩展和延伸立法;5)国家在任何单位均应设立环境污染保护行政主管科室立法;6)国家设立外国在华企业环境保护行政主管部门立法。