基于空间网格尺度的中国PM2.5污染健康效应空间分布

以全国城市空气质量实时发布平台的监测数据为基础，运用空间插值法模拟中国PM_2.5在10kmx10km空间网格尺度上的暴露水平，利用BenMap工具估计2017年中国PM_2.5污染的健康损失，在城市尺度上对PM_2.5污染的健康经济损失进行空间分析.结果表明，在统计意义层面上，2017年PM_2.5污染共计造成我国321435例早逝、746078例住院、14877551例患病，健康经济损失约为12625亿元，占当年全国GDP的1.53%.从城市尺度来看，健康效应呈现出一定的空间聚集效应，京津冀地区城市较为严重.在空间分布上，主要以“高-高”型和“低-低”型分布为主，即健康经济损失高值城市相互聚集、健康经济损失低值城市也相互聚集，并且存在高值城市之间相互影响并逐渐向四周扩散，进而影响周围低值城市的现象.     

Driving violations and health promotion behaviors among undergraduate students: Self-report of on-road behavior

Introduction: The purposes of this study are to characterize Israeli undergraduate students' driving violations in the terms of problem behavior theory and to identify whether there is any relationship between driving violations and health risk behaviors, daring behaviors, excitement seeking, and health promotion behaviors.

Methods: This study is based on a structured self-reported anonymous questionnaire distributed to undergraduate students in an academic institution. The sample included 533 undergraduate students (374 females and 159 males). The mean age was 23.4 (SD = 1.4, range = 5).

Results: A higher prevalence of self-reported driving violations was found among males in comparison to females. All substance use measures were positively related to driving violations; for example, use of cigarettes (OR = 4.287, P <.001) and water pipes (odds ratio [OR] = 3.000, P <.001) as well as binge drinking (OR = 5.707, P <.001) and regular cannabis smoking (OR = 5.667, P <.001) raise the probability of committing rare driving violations. The strongest predictive factors for the frequent driving violations group were alcohol consumption–related variables: binge drinking (OR = 2.560, P <.01) and drunkenness (OR = 2.284, P <.05). Strong odd ratios were also found between the frequent driving violations group and selling or dealing drugs (12.143, P <.001), and stealing something valuable (13.680, P <.001). The strongest predicted variable for the rare driving violations group was physical confrontation due to verbal disagreement (3.439, P <.05) and the concept that selling or dealing drugs is socially acceptable (2.521, P <.05). The probability of executing rare driving violations was higher for subjects who reported intense physical workout regimens (OR = 1.638, P <.05).

Conclusions: Problem behavior theory succeeded in explaining health risk behavior and driving violations. This study shows that bachelors tend to be more involved in risk behaviors, such as substance use, excitement-seeking behaviors, and daring behaviors and are active physically and thus constitute a risk group for driving violations. As such, intervention resources should be directed toward this group.     

More time in the kitchen,less time on the streets: the micropolitics of cultivating an ethic of care in alternative food networks

There is increased attention to alternative food efforts as individuals and groups seek to build stronger local food infrastructures to increase accessibility, transparency, and fairness with how food is grown, produced, and distributed. In considering individuals and families contending with food injustices and insecurities; concerns and questions have surfaced about what it means to privilege the leadership and participation of these communities in alternative food efforts. While there are no linear answers to these questions, this paper explores how one statewide food network in the United States seeks to involve youth contending with the juvenile justice system in a job readiness programme, Youth Kitchen, that interfaces the youth with farmers, chef educators, community organisations, and farmers markets. This paper contends that integrating alternative food and juvenile justice work is a complex terrain that both advances social justice and reproduces existing power asymmetries within alternative food networks. The inclusion of accounts from multiple stakeholders in the local food and juvenile justice system generates a multilayered view that moves away from an either sustainability or social justice rubric to a more process-oriented lens that reveals the strategic dilemmas that alternative food networks encounter. On the one hand, the social landscape of this programme promotes an ethic of care and shared ownership between the staff and participating youth. At the same time, akin to many alternative food networks, neoliberal interests bump against this ethic of care and white privilege seeps into staffing patterns and everyday programmes in ways that reproduce the status quo.     

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and risk for premature ovarian failure and reproductive hormones imbalance

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a typical class of persistent organic pollutants that is ubiquitous worldwide. Previous animal studies suggested that PAHs had adverse effects on female reproduction. However, the human data regarding relationship of PAHs exposure with women reproductive health, such as ovarian dysfunction, are scarce. In this case-control study, the associations of serum levels of PAHs with the risk of premature ovarian failure (POF) and reproductive hormones in Chinese women were investigated, with recruiting 157 POF patients and 217 healthy women. The serum levels of 12 types of PAHs, as well as reproductive hormones, including follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and anti-mullerian hormone, were determined. In the logistic regression models, most individual PAH congeners showed significantly positive correlations with the risk of POF (p < 0.05), except for fluorine and pyrene. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP), as the most carcinogenic PAH congener, was observed to be significantly positively associated with the risk of POF. After adjustment for age, body mass index, educational levels and household income, per one-unit increase in the log-transformed BaP concentration was significantly correlated with 2.191-fold increased risk of POF (OR = 2.191, 95%CI: 1.634–2.938, p < 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report an association between internal exposure levels of PAHs and the increased risk of POF in women.     

东营市北部海域文蛤重金属污染特征与食用风险评价

2016年10月在东营市北部海域采集文蛤,测定其体内7种重金属含量,分析其污染特征,从而探究文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）对沉积物中重金属的生物富集能力及其影响因素,并采用单因子污染指数（P_i）和总目标危险系数（THQ_s）评价文蛤食用风险.结果表明,该海域文蛤体内Hg、As、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu和Zn含量分别为0.009~0.019,0.51~0.80,0.25~0.76,0.45~0.76,0.43~2.46,1.83~3.78,14.33~17.75mg/kg.与国内外其它区域文蛤体内重金属含量对比发现,该海域文蛤体内重金属含量处于中等水平.基于综合污染指数（MPI）,S5站位文蛤受重金属污染最严重.文蛤对Cd的富集能力最强（生物-沉积物积累因子（BSAF）平均为455.13%）.7种重金属中,只有Pb的生物蓄积与其在沉积物中的含量呈显著正相关,而Hg、Cu的蓄积分别与沉积物中细颗粒物（粒径< 63 μm,FGS）、有机质（OM）含量呈显著正相关和负相关.通过分析各站位的THQ_s值可知,长期食用该海域文蛤对人体有害,且食用风险主要来源于As.因此,为降低食用该海域文蛤给消费者带来的健康风险,必须采取有效措施控制重金属（特别是As）在海产品中的积累.     

PM2.5的健康危害、毒理效应与作用机制的研究

大气颗粒物对人体健康的影响在世界范围内引起关注,尤其是细粒子（PM_2.5,fine particulate matter）因粒径小、成分复杂,对人体健康的影响尤为突出。PM_2.5的毒理效应与作用机制是当前研究的热点,分析其研究现状与存在问题能更好地把握其核心领域并开展更进一步的研究。基于文献检索与分析,系统梳理了PM_2.5危害导致的疾病类型;介绍了PM_2.5毒理研究的主要实验手段;讨论当前认知的PM_2.5毒理效应（包括PM_2.5不同组分、不同来源、不同季节的影响）;汇总PM_2.5毒理作用机制研究方法的原理、特点、检测指标与测定方法,解析目前研究认为的五种主要的PM_2.5毒理作用机制。在分析已有研究成果的基础之上,就PM_2.5毒理实验、方法和研究内容方面存在的不足进行讨论,并提出今后需要重点开展的研究方向,以期为PM_2.5健康危害的准确评估和有效防治提供科学依据。     

城市污水二级处理出水中不同种类PPCPs的臭氧氧化效果与机制研究

研究了臭氧氧化对城市污水二级处理出水中15种典型药品和个人护理品（PPCPs）的去除效果及O₃分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化的贡献.结果表明,PPCPs的臭氧氧化去除效果与其亲核官能结构特性相关,芳香胺结构为主的PPCPs易降解,烷基胺结构为主的PPCPs可部分降解,亲核特性较弱的双键为主的PPCPs难降解;在臭氧投加量为5.5 mg·L^-1条件下,这3类PPCPs的去除率为分别为大于95%、57%~68%和39%~57%.臭氧氧化过程中,O₃分子氧化和·OH自由基氧化均起重要作用.易降解PPCPs的氧化机制以O₃分子氧化为主,贡献率为82%~91%;可降解和难降解PPCPs的氧化机制以·OH自由基氧化为主,贡献率分别为48%~71%和66%~94%.二级出水中臭氧氧化过程中,UVA₂₅₄去除率可呈单线性或分段线性指示PPCPs的去除效率.     

长江流域淡水生态系统内分泌干扰物、药物和个人护理品的风险排序

作为新兴污染物,内分泌干扰物、药物和个人护理品因其排放对水环境安全产生的风险而引起了广泛关注.本文以长江流域为例,以69种内分泌干扰物、药物和个人护理品的环境暴露数据和生态毒性数据为基础,计算它们的生态风险并进行高低排序,以识别最优先控制的污染物.结果表明,内分泌干扰物和个人护理品对水生生态系统的风险较高,如雌酮（estrone）、雌三醇（estriol）、17β-雌二醇（17β-estradiol）、双酚S（bisphenol S）、阿特拉津（atrazine）、三氯卡班（triclocarban）和三氯生（triclosan）;而药物的风险低500倍或更多.相较而言,药物中风险较高的属抗生素类.湘江和洪湖及其周边河流内多种污染物的浓度呈现出最高值,是长江流域污染最重的区域,其次是太湖、洞庭湖和长江三角洲地区.与藻类和虫类相比,鱼类是对内分泌干扰物、药物和个人护理品最敏感的物种,尤其对17α-乙炔雌二醇（17α-ethynylestradiol）和17β-雌二醇.本文的研究结果可对我国化学品的监测和管理提供数据支撑.     

会仙岩溶湿地水体金属元素分布与健康风险评价

以我国最大的低海拔岩溶湿地会仙岩溶湿地为研究区域,对该区域内4种主要类型水（井水、地表河水、地下河水和溶潭水）的23组样品中9种金属元素（As、Cr、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Mn和Hg）进行检测和分析,运用多元统计方法和健康风险评价模型分别研究了9种金属元素在4种类型水中的浓度特征和健康风险.结果显示,会仙岩溶湿地水体中金属元素平均浓度顺序为Al > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > As > Hg > Cu > Pb,井水中Hg（1.08 μg ·L^-1）、地表河水中Hg（0.78 μg ·L^-1）和Mn（259.00 μg ·L^-1）以及溶潭水中Hg（0.47 μg ·L^-1）和Al（300.00 μg ·L^-1）的最大浓度已超过我国相应水质标准,地下河水样中未出现金属元素超标.从水体中金属元素角度,井水和地下河水质总体优于地表河水和溶潭水.井水中Cr、Ni、Cu和Zn浓度主要与地质背景值有关,溶潭水中Al和Pb浓度主要受北部硫铁矿开采和居民活动影响,河流中As和Mn浓度可能受旅游活动、渔业养殖和河道底泥综合影响.健康风险评价结果显示,4种类型水中9种金属元素通过饮用水途径和皮肤入渗途径引起的年均总健康风险顺序为井水 > 地下河水 > 溶潭水 > 地表河水,井水中金属元素通过饮用水途径对成人（6.11×10^-5 a^-1）和儿童（6.67×10^-5 a^-1）引起的年均总健康风险值已超过最大可接受风险水平（5.0×10^-5 a^-1）.Cr是引起年均致癌健康风险的主要金属元素.从饮用水安全角度,在饮用前需对井水中的Hg和Cr污染物进行适当控制.     

废旧轮胎翻新过程中多环芳烃排放及健康风险

对废旧轮胎翻新过程(露天堆放、混炼、硫化、打磨过程)和工人宿舍楼的环境空气中16种PAHs的排放特征进行了分析,并对工人的职业健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,废旧轮胎翻新过程及宿舍楼空气中都检测出PAHs.混炼过程PAHs浓度最高,其次是露天堆放过程和硫化过程,打磨过程的PAHs浓度最低,而工人宿舍楼PAHs平均浓度为11.1 ng·m~(-3).所有采样点的菲、荧蒽、蒽和芘对PAHs的总浓度的贡献较大,且与总浓度的线性相关性较强.从环数分析发现各采样点的PAHs主要集中在三环和四环,二环、五环和六环占比不超过10%.通过PAHs的可能影响因数分析发现露天堆放和宿舍楼可能受燃烧源的影响,而混炼、硫化及打磨过程可能受胶油类的影响.主成分分析和聚类分析结果显示,废旧轮胎翻新过程各采样点和彼此间的空间位置会对多环芳烃的分布产生较大影响.健康风险评价结果表明:职业工人终身致癌危险度几率较小,职业工人的预期寿命损失影响也不大.